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Period 3 (1754-1800) tells the history of the lead up and action of the war as well as the writing of the Constitution and the starts of its effects in the new country.This period starts with the First Three Wars and the Seven Years' War all of which were fought over the different territories of North America. By the end of these wars Great Britain held most of the control and and led them to protect their colonies which included soldiers to be quartered in the colonies, stricter policies on foreign trade to be enforced and taxes to be placed to pay for the new soldiers. Many Americans resented this and it became the lead up to the American Revolution. After the war, a Constitution would be drafted, Washington would become the first real president, and political parties would be formed and this would all guide into the what would become an actual country.

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During this time period there were those who remained loyal to Great Britain (Loyalists or Tories) and those who wanted independence (Patriots.) Loyalists did not want to cut off the relationship with Britain and merely wanted more liberties. Patriots wanted to have independence as a new country away from the crown's rule. However, no matter the side, each side wanted change for a better sense of freedom in the New World. When this freedom was found, there would be a need to have a strong standing country. Now some Americans would actually be allowed to vote for their new country, although this only included white male property owners. This was a new feeling of liberty for these people and that was a new part of being an American during this time.

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Of course during the start of this period Great Britain held the power during this time. However, when the war had ended power shifted over two sides. The sides were the Federalists, who believed in a strong central government, and the Anti-Federalists, who believed in states' rights and especially the rights of individual Americans. For the majority of this time the Federalists held most of this power. Their new Constitution won over the remaining of the Articles, but this was only with the addition of the Bill of Rights to remind Americans of their individual rights. These two sides helped the formation of the two new political parties of the United States, which were called the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Federalists were often wealthier and focused on banks and businesses while Democratic-Republicans focused more on agriculture and small businesses. Federalists held most of the power through the first two presidents Washington and Adams until the election of 1800 when this power shifted unto the Democratic-Republicans through Jefferson.

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During and after the American Revolution was when the national identity that is so well known to American history really started. When the war was over the new national identity was very strong throughout and especially in the North Eastern areas. There were ideas of liberty, freedom and individualism. After all,  the Americans had beaten the British who had the most powerful Naval unit in the world.

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During this time period, the American Revolution led inspiration for the French revolution. Towards the end of the war France joined the war against the British as they saw Great Britain as an enemy of sorts. The United States kept an alliance with France even after the war, but when France broke into war the United States kept neutral. The U.S. was a young and somewhat weak country at the time. Spain also decided to strengthen its North American territories through several Catholic missions and the opening of trade areas in their territories.

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Technology did not have much of an influence on this time at all, instead, work and exchange were the strongest elements of this period. Work during the war was possible for just about anyone. Women found jobs as nurses and cooks while few even went into the war taking place for their husbands. Many women worked at home too, taking over jobs left open and creating support for the men. African Americans also found work on the battlefields. They were often in segregated groups, however some were fighting in mixed groups. The economy depended on outcomes in the war and also taxation by the British. After the war the economy was made more stable on a method of checks and balances.

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During the Revolution, the land gave the Americans a greater advantage. The Americans knew the land well. The British never had much of a study of the geography in the United States. Only the soldiers stationed in the colonies might know the land better, but they would never know the land like the colonists did.

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Americans settled in their different areas throughout the 13 colonies and retained certain ways of life through that. In the North there were more wealthy people and those who initially wanted to have an independent country. In the South there remained more farmers and small town business people, the people who were not a part of the wealthy class. The future cultures of these areas continued to shape around these patterns.

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During this time women and African Americans didn't have much of a role in politics. At the time there were no political roles held by African Americans or women. With the new laws that came with the start of the new country, the ability to add to the collection of votes was not possible for all people. Only white male property owners were allowed to vote at the time.

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Period 4 (1800-1848) focuses on new national culture, economic changes in the industrial sphere, and the Era of Good Feelings. The new National culture relied on pride in harmony and patriotism. Economic change came from shifts in economic bases to manufacturing and foreign trade. While the Era of Good Feelings was short lived it allowed a change in ideas and the burst of building tensions.

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During this time Native Americans were forced out of their home lands. These tribes included were Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole and some others. They were forced out of their homes under the Indian Removal Act in which many were forced to walk through several states and resettled in Oklahoma. What it meant to be a native American during this time was to be sent out of the way in a society being built around you.

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After the election of 1800, the Federalist party had been esentially wiped out. This left one party in its place, the Democratic-Republican party. For a short while this party represented a certain harmony in the U.S. However, this harmony was destroyed when growing tensions over slavery, tariffs, and government power led to two new parties, the Democrats, who were more conservative, and the Whigs who had similar ideas to the Federalists.

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The Era of Good Feelings was a time filled with the sense of harmony. This was mostly due to the one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, which diverted from the previous two party system. This provided a new sense of pride in harmony. However, the era only lasted so long with growing tensions over the Constitution.

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During this era the United States wanted to expand its power in the world through expansion. The United States wanted to expand North, aside from the West, in areas such as Canada and Oregon. There was later such a thing in the U.S. of imperialism in places such as the Phillipines and Hawaii.

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The economy started going through new changes especially in Northern states. New expansions in industry led to this. Manufacturing became a larger economic strength in the United States. Factories became more efficient because of the invention of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney. New forms of transportation including canal travel with steamboats and rail travel with trains helped this expansion.

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During this time several resettled in the West. With this came the new exploration of a new landscape of forests, mountains, rivers, and plains. However, the land wasn't as easy as many had thought. The land was practically untamed. People experienced new weather including dry southeast and mid-west climates, tornadoes, and wind. Other feature such as locusts led to farmers losing grain and other crops.

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With new territorial expansion from the War of 1812 and the Louisiana Purchase, some saw the opportunity to go West and did. There were more immigrants coming to the United States, especially from Ireland, Germany, and Great Britain. These people went to the West, Mid-West, and Northern cities. Some Southern Farmers found themselves going West to settle on the new frontier.

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Those who were often pushed aside from the rise of the new culture were women. Women were pushing for work and suffrage. However, women were expected to stay in roles of domesticity. Even in situations made to represent their needs and rights, such as the Seneca Falls Constitution for suffrage, they were often represented by men.

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Period 5 (1844-1877) takes the reader through the expansion to the west, the rise to the Civil War, the entirety of the Civil War itself, and the reconstruction of the Union and the Constitution. This period started with the rocky beginnings of Manifest Destiny, which included the annexation of Texas, the war with Mexico and several disputes of territory with Great Britain and Spain. This also included the era of several gold strikes stretching from the Black Hills of South Dakota to California and the start of railroads. The expansion west helped pave the way to the war as concerns whether the new states would be slave-states or free states grew. The war had started with the implementation of Winfield Scott's plan to block Southern ports, taking control of the Mississippi River and train an army of 500,000. Ultimately, this plan led the Union to win the war. Life after the war was an era meant for the Reconstruction; however, Adam's presidency did not allow for a good job of this as he was a Democratic white supremacist and pardoned many of the confederates after the war.

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There were great sectional differences between the North and South. In the North there was of course a focus on abolishing slavery and holding the Union together. The North was made up mostly of Republicans with the exception of some Democrats. The South was quite the opposite to the North. The South focused on keeping slavery and seceding from the Union. The majority was Democrats with very few Republicans.

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With the winning of the war, the Union held most of the power. This group was essentially made up of Republicans, a newer group that gained popularity, and some Northern Democrats. The power of the North would lead to Reconstruction. However, with Adams as the president after Lincoln's assassination, Reconstruction took longer than expected and had to be done in three different rounds.

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What it meant to be an American during this era meant to fight for what you believe in. Even though each side was fighting for the opposite thing, they could all connect on the fact that they were fighting for their beliefs, and especially their beliefs in freedom. The North fought for the abolition of slavery and the correcting of the moral wrongs put in place by slavery. They were fighting for the freedom of the slaves. The South was fighting for the choice of having slaves and rights to so called "property." They were fighting for the freedom of their own choice.

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During the war the South was depending on the possibility of foreign help. Two Confederate men, John Slidell and James Mason, were sent to Great Britain to discuss the possibility of aid in the war. The ship they were on was interfered by the North. Great Britain threatened them with war and they backed off. This was named the Trent Affair. In the end neither Britain nor France had aided the south, but had allowed the Southerners to purchase ships.

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Much like the separation between the North and South during this time, there was somewhat of a rift between the economies of each. Inflation was prominent in both sides, especially the south, during the war. After the war the economy shifted into two after Great Britain gave money to the United States. Some of the money was eventually poured into industrialization which was focused in the North leaving the South dependent on its agriculture. This led to a lot of industrialization and eventually the transcontinental railroad.

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During the war the Union had most of the sea power with the control of the Navy. One third of the plan to regain control of the South was called the Anaconda Plan. The basis of this plan was to use the navy to go down the coastline and close southern ports. This plan was a very successful part to the Union's success. However, with the use of land the Confederacy had the better grounds as the Union had a larger area of land to conquer and a longer distance to carry their supplies.

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Before and during the war, some African-Americans migrated North. One method of escape to the Northern areas was by the Underground railroad. Much of the help came from freed African-Americans from the North, ex-slaves from the south and few white abolitionists. People would use this method to get to the North or even Canada where they would settle often in the cities. Another thing that moved African Americans into the North was the Confiscation Act in which slaves who escaped beyond Union lines would be allowed to remain free. Under this act only few would migrate.

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Of course the most restrained group of people during this time were the African Americans. In the South they were treated poorly and as property, forced into slavery. Even with the fact that the North wanted to abolish slavery there was still prejudice as most looked at slavery as a moral issue. After the war there was segregation almost everywhere and with groups such as the KKK who attempted to scare and even hurt African Americans, there wasn't much safety.

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Period 6 (1865-1898) was a time of strong industrialization, Westward expansion, some reform movements and a new era of immigration. The period tells the story of the industrialization and urbanization of America and the rise of monopolies. Next it tells the history of expansion to the west and struggles with Native Americans that led to reservations and schools for assimilation. This era also included several reform movements that dealt with issues such as child labor laws, safer working spaces, safer urban housing, suffragette movements and movements of alcohol prohibition. Finally it dealt with the struggles of immigrant discrimination.

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During this time there was a great struggle in being a factory worker. Unfair working hours were especially not uncommon along with unsafe working environments. At times supervisors would lock doors which is a part of what happened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire when many found that they were locked in from the outside and couldn't escape the flames. Toxic fumes and dangerous machinery also included some of the dangers of the labor. Some people would begin to form unions to change the laws that allowed for this. These needs for labor reforms led into the Progressive Era in which several reforms would be put into law.

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During the era of industrialization the most prominent political parties were the Democrats and the Republicans. There was also a new party called the Populists which was made up of farmers and some immigrants, however they were short lived. Power in politics had shifted between the Democrats and Republicans. Most Democrats had resided in the South where industrialization was not as strong than it was in the North. In the North, Republicans had a stronger sense of the business world and the industry. These factors led to Republican success and power in the business world.

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During this time there was a growing gap between the rich and the poor. Wage workers had not been making much money at all compared to those higher up in the ranks and owners of the monopolies. Farmers were far down on the line as large industrial ranches began taking their places. This division between the people made it just a little bit harder to connect between as Americans. Many monopolies were connected in schemes and did not know hard work and the struggles like the people who worked below them. Very few of these people knew the struggles aside from Andrew Carnegie who came from poverty and worked his way up.

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During this time, industrialization was in great effect. In fact, the United States became the largest Industrial power in the world. This had won the respect and friendship of Great Britain. New friendships had developed more between the U.S. and Japan as well.

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The Economy of the Gilded Age very heavily depended on the industry. Railroads, textiles and mining are three examples of important industries from this time. these places were often worked by people called wage workers, poorer-class people who often included women, children and immigrants. The people who owned the monopolies had much more money that these people and that left a growing gap between the classes.

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The conservation movement was a movement based on protecting areas of land in the United States. Some desired to preserve the land from human contact and some wanted the land to be undamaged areas of beauty in the environment. The acts called the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and Forest Management Act of 1897 helped conserve the areas. The movement continued for years to come.

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Many immigrants came to the United States toward the end of the 19th century. The reasons of this migration included political turmoil, jobless cities and religious persecution in Europe. People wanted the freedom promised by America, so people came first from Northern Europe and later from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many went to the cities and some went West in the dreams of Western Expansion.

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One of the most discriminated groups of this time was immigrants. Native-Born Protestants resented the Catholic immigrants being in the cities which caused some violence and many disputes. Many immigrants also worked in industry jobs with harsh working conditions and low pay as some did not have many options. Poverty and discrimination were no strangers to the immigrants.

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Period 7 (1890-1945) is the historiography that starts with the imperialism years of the United States. This was thought to go against the ideas of the United States constitution, however it continued to occur over this time. Imperialism was thought to be similar to expansionist ideas and much of it was followed through by McKinley and Roosevelt. The Progressive Era was also led by Roosevelt and the two presidents that succeeded him Taft and Wilson. These mainly focused on labor laws and decreasing the amount of power that industries held with a much more minor focus on African American Minorities and suffragettes. The Progressive era continued only a few years into World War I which was a war that Wilson could keep the United States a part of for so long until the United States had made the decision to join the Allied powers of France and Britain. When the war ended there was an era of celebration, modernism, and an economic boom however it ended with the Great Depression. Franklin Roosevelt attempted to turn around this depression with several programs under a plan which he called the New Deal. This plan focused on relief for the unemployed, business recovery, and Economic institution reform. The plan helped for the most part, however a lot of the return to a normal economy came through World War II and the new circulation of jobs.

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Progressives spanned over a wide range of people which included, Protestant reformers who wanted a focus on morals in the industrial world, feminists fighting for the right to vote, African Americans who fought for laws on discrimination union leaders who wanted safer working environments, better hours and laws prohibiting child labor. Each of these groups wanted these reform movements and weren’t afraid of fighting for them which ultimately tied their wants together. However, this wasn’t completely true for African Americans as their issues were pushed aside to narrow the fight to be aimed towards decreasing the power of industrialization and making safety in the cities. The needs of African Americans were later noticed more during and after WWII. The presidents at the wake of this era, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson helped these movements pass several reforms with strong Progressive spirits.

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Near the end of World War II in 1945, the United States had asserted itself as the strongest global power. By this point the United States had already accomplished having the most powerful Navy in the world, even topping the one of Great Britain. The Atom Bomb revolutionized nuclear weaponry for the next decades. The United States still remains as one of the highest global powers and a part of what became the United Nations.

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What it meant to be an American during this time was to fight for one’s beliefs and it seems that this idea is a common theme of the national identity of United States citizens. At the top of this period of course were the Progressives who fought for public reforms of all kinds. Then there are of course isolationists who focused on keeping the United States from imperialism as well as wars. African Americans fought for desegregation and women fought for voting rights and wage gap fixtures. When war became unstoppable most people found ways to help in this fight to help America on a global level. Some fought in the war including African Americans, who still tended to be segregated in battle, and women found jobs helping as nurses among other helpful jobs to civilians and soldiers.

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The economy of this period went up and down often. This especially occurred during and after World War I. The years during the war included a great boom from industries selling weapons and farms and ranches selling food during the war. After the war had ended, the prosperity had continued for only a short amount of time and included the creation of new household appliances such as the refrigerator and microwave, the uprise of cinema in Hollywood, and the popularization of automobiles. Signs of the Great Depression’s approach came through the struggles that farmers faced as their products weren’t being bought and they weren’t able to reap the benefits of the boom as much as others. Then came the stock-market crash that pushed the nation into full fledged depression. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal plan helped some for these years but the thing that put the United States into good economic circulation was World War II. With the war new jobs would be created on the war front and at home and unemployment rates became better by the end of the war.

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During this era the most pushed aside in the roles of gaining civil rights were African Americans. In the Progressive era the focus was placed on reforms for labor unions and Protestant movements more often. The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan rose to a large number of people for a short while and the discrimination continued. Even in wars African Americans were discriminated against with no laws preventing it. Desegregation seemed far from the reality of the time, and it was up until the mid-1950s.

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During this period there occurred an instance of internal migration. The Great Migration was a movement of African Americans from the South to the Northern cities. This led to violent outbreaks called race riots, especially after World War I when people who fought in the war found that their jobs had been taken. African Americans brought jazz music to the Northern cities and new expressions of art began to sprout in the cities. This was especially prevalent in New York in an artistic movement called the Harlem Renaissance, which included artworks, poetry, and music.

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At the start of the Great Depression there was already a weak economy in agriculture. Droughts and some severe weather were a part of this. One severe drought in the Great Plains earned the location to be called the dust bowl. Farming methods that didn’t change the type of crop grown in an area led to dryer topsoil, and a lot of this topsoil would be blown off due to the high winds. The Soil Conservation Service, created by the government, would educate farmers for their own safety and the safety of the environment around them. The land was able to recover with minor environmental issues.

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Along with becoming the most powerful global force, the United States also impacted some other countries as well. The new technology of the Atom Bomb revolutionized nuclear warfare for many countries throughout the world. The U.S. also helped in the reconstruction of the governments of Germany’s West side and Japan. Even with small difficulties with the Russians in Germany, both of these countries' governments recovered.