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This is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes (bridges, switches, etc) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data to and/or from clients.

If an individual node fails, a remote node still can communicate to any other node in its range, which in turn, can forward the message to the desired location. In addition, the range of the network is not necessarily limited by the range in between single nodes; it can simply be extended by adding more nodes to the system.

The disadvantage of this type of network is in power consumption for the nodes that implement the multi-hop communications are generally higher than for the nodes that don’t have this capability, often limiting the battery life.

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In this network, every host is connected to a central computer or a HUB. A packet from each host is first sent to hub, and from there the hub sends the packet to its destination. The star topology is one of the most common computer network topologies.

The advantage of this type of network for wireless sensor networks includes simplicity, ability to keep the remote node’s power consumption to a minimum. It also allows low latency communications between the remote node and the base station.

The disadvantage of such a network is that the base station must be within radio transmission range of all the individual nodes and is not as robust as other networks due to its dependency on a single node to manage the network.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as

Temperature

Sound

Vibration

Pressure

Motion or

Pollutants

In order to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analysed.

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Humidity

Temperature

Pressure

Noise level

Lighting level

Movement

Motion detection

Characteristic of certain objects

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Security concerns in sensor networks are based on the need to know what we'll cover.

Data flows from several intermediate nodes in the sensor network, and the risk of data leakage is greater

The data received by the user should not be changed or altered as Data Integrity. Original data are altered by an attacker or due to harsh climate. The intruder can change the data as needed and send this new data to the receiver.

(Ahmad Salehi et al., 2013)

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Vitality utilization is the most significant factor to decide the life of a sensor organize in light of the fact that normally sensor hubs are driven by battery.

Often energy efficiency in sensor networks is more difficult, as it requires not only reducing energy consumption but also prolonging the network's life as much as possible.

The streamlining should be possible by having vitality mindfulness in each part of structure and activity.

(Wei and Yang, 2012)

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The sensor hubs are normally dispersed

Every one of these dissipated sensor hubs has the capacities to gather information and course information back to the sink and the end clients

Information are directed back to the end client by a multi-jump framework less design through the sink

The protocol stack consists of the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer, power management plane, mobility management plane, and task management plane

Different types of application software can be built and used on the application layer depending on the sensing tasks.

(Gaddadevara Siddesh et al., 2015)

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In order to design a WSN, we need to consider various factors such as durability, energy efficiency, fault tolerance, high sensing accuracy, low cost and rapid deployment, particularly the application requirements. We hope the wide variety of areas of application can make sensor networks an important part of our future lives. Realization of sensor networks, however, needs to meet various constraints such as scalability, cost, hardware, topology change, environment and power consumption.

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Speed is slower compared to wired network

It is less secure compared to wired network

Complex configuration

Can be distracted by other networks

It is costly to set up

Features are limited

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Lot of wiring is not required

We can add new devices anytime

Can be accessed through a central device anytime

Can be used on large scale without any problems

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Gaddadevara Siddesh, Ganesh Deka, Krishnarajanagar Srinivasa and Lalit Patnaik (2015). Cyber-Physical Systems A Computational Perspective. Chapman And Hall/Crc.

M.A. Matin, M. I., 2012. In Tech Open. [Online]Available at:https://www.intechopen.com/books/wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-protocols/overview-of-wireless-sensor-network [Accessed 30 March 2020].

Wei, K. and Yang, Y. (2012). Optical, electronic materials and applications II : selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2nd International Conference on Optical, Electronic Materials and Applications 2012 (OEMA2012), May 25-26, 2012, Chongqing, China. Durnten-Zurich.

Ahmad Salehi, S., Razzaque, M.A., Naraei, P. and Farrokhtala, A. (2013). Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and challanges. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace).