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Most alluvial soils are derived from the sediment being deposited by the river Ganga in the Indo–Gangetic plain, ranging from Punjab in the west to West Bengal and Assam in the east, as well as in the coastal areas of northern parts of Gujarat, Narmada, and Tapi valleys, which are formed by sea waves.

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Alluvium consists of silt, sand, clay, and gravel and often contains a good deal of organic matter. It therefore yields very fertile soils such as those of the deltas of the Mississippi, the Nile, the Ganges and Brahmaputra, and the Huang rivers.

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According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar. Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile.

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potash
phosphoric acid
lime

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sugarcane
paddy
whaet
cereals
pulses

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Black soils are derivatives of trap lava and are spread mostly across interior Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh on the Deccan lava plateau and the Malwa Plateau, where there is both moderate rainfall and underlying basaltic rock

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Black soil is formed by the weathering or breaking of igneous rocks and also by the cooling or solidification of lava from the volcano eruption. Therefore, it is also called lava soil. This soil is formed from rocks of cretaceous lava and is formed from the volcano eruption.

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the black soils are made up of clayey soil, well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. Because of their high clay content, black soils develop wide cracks during the dry season, but their iron-rich granular structure makes them resistant to wind and water erosion.

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calcium
potash
lime
carbonate

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Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha and Chattisgarh and in the southern parts of the middle Ganga plain. The soil develops a reddish colour due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

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Its red colour is mainly due to ferric oxides occurring as thin coatings on the soil particles while the iron oxide occurs as haematite or as hydrous ferric oxide. When it occurs in the hydrate form as limonite the soil gets a yellow colour.

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In India, laterite soil is widespread, covering over 10% of the total geographical area, namely on the summits of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats (Rajamahal Hills, Vindhyas, Satpuras, and Malwa Plateau), southern parts of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal Orissa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Assam

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Laterites consist mainly of quartz, zircon, and oxides of titanium, iron, tin, aluminum and manganese, which remain during the course of weathering. Quartz is the most abundant relic mineral from the parent rock. Laterites vary significantly according to their location, climate and depth

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coffee
tea
cashew nuts

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found in regions of western rajasthan

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Arid soils are formed from the fragmentation of adjacent rocks and are largely blown from Indus valley area and coastal regions

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(i) Arid soils are the soils of desert or semi-desert regions and colours varies from red to brown. (ii) The soil has sandy texture and salinity. As precipitation is very low the temperature is high and evaporation is faster making it lack in moisture and humus.

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It found in northern plains beginning from Punjab to West Bengal and Assam. It is also founds in deltas of different rivers such as Krishna,Godavari ,Kaveri,Mehanadi in peninsular India

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These soils are characterized by the accumulation of calcium carbonate and clay particles in deeper horizons, due to leaching nutrient from the parent material rocks and decomposition of litter which released strong organic acids that reduce the soil pH and with a CEC up to 35%.