# data[].attributes.body
pages 352-355

# data[].attributes.headline
The static passive is made with a form of the classically stative BE verb

# data[].attributes.subject
The static passive is made with a form of the classically stative BE verb

# data[].attributes.body
page 355

# data[].attributes.body
page 356

# data[].attributes.body
page 357

# data[].attributes.body
pages 357 - 358

# data[].attributes.body
page 358

# data[].attributes.body
pages 359 - 361

# data[].attributes.body
page 361

# data[].attributes.body
pages 362 - 363

# data[].attributes.body
pages 363 - 364

# data[].attributes.body
pages 364 - 365

# data[].attributes.body
page 365

# data[].attributes.body
page 351

# data[].attributes.headline
The passive allows the NP that receives the action of the verb to occupy the subject position.

# data[].attributes.subject
The passive allows the NP that receives the action of the verb to occupy the subject position.

# data[].attributes.body
Example:

# data[].attributes.body
It is possible that the passive voice interacts with other elements in the auxiliary.
Example:

# data[].attributes.body
GET = presents a process or event as having undergone by the subject.

# data[].attributes.body
HAVE = can function as a passive auxillary. when it does, it is called a experiential in order to distinguish from a causitive have.

# data[].attributes.body
BE (in complex passives) = can also interact with complements, such as that-clauses and infinitives.

# data[].attributes.body
There are only certain verbs that may occur in the passive: to bear, be deemed, be fined, be hospitalized, be jailed, be scheduled, be shipped, be staffed, be suspended.

# data[].attributes.headline
The passive can be said to have a grammatical meaning rather than a lexical one.

# data[].attributes.subject
The passive can be said to have a grammatical meaning rather than a lexical one.

# data[].attributes.body
It is a focus construction that exists to put the experiencer in the subject position. The subject is acted upon and is therefor passive.

# data[].attributes.headline
The passive voice requires a transitive verb.

# data[].attributes.subject
The passive voice requires a transitive verb.

# data[].attributes.body
This shows that acceptable passive sentences can be influenced by several factors:

# data[].attributes.body
Also, the subject of a passive sentence needs to be affected by the action of the verb:

# data[].attributes.body
There are times when both active and passive voice can be used, but this is usually when there is a difference in meaning or value. Particularly when there are numbers or quantifiers used.

# data[].attributes.headline
The semantic distinction between BE and GET

# data[].attributes.subject
The semantic distinction between BE and GET

# data[].attributes.body
The be-passive is the protypical passive verb. In contrast to get-passives which suggest responsibility on the part of the subject.

# data[].attributes.body
The adverse nature of the get-passive verb occurs with semantic categories such as physical assault (get hit), hindrance (get trapped), transference (get snatched) and verbs of emotional or mental strain (get punished).

# data[].attributes.body
Most of the time, the distinction between a passive verb and one service as an adjective will be obvious. But this is not always the case:

# data[].attributes.headline
Not all adjectives and participle pairs are homophonous.

# data[].attributes.subject
Not all adjectives and participle pairs are homophonous.

# data[].attributes.body
Examples:

1. The learned scholar translated all the works of Hegel. (Learned as adjective is pronounced with two syllables)

2. The congregation was blessed (verb) versus The blessed event (adjective).

# data[].attributes.headline
The middle voice allows the subject of a sentence to be hidden and the verb to take the active voice. 

# data[].attributes.subject
The middle voice allows the subject of a sentence to be hidden and the verb to take the active voice. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Ergative Verbs (or change-of-state verbs)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ergative Verbs (or change-of-state verbs)

# data[].attributes.body
These are special verbs used to express spontaneous occurrences.  They allow the object of the transitive clause to be a subject of an intransitive clause without changing in all three voices.

# data[].attributes.body
Examples:
begin, age, bend, break, burst, change, close, condense, cool, decrease, develop, drop, dry empty, end, evaporate, finish, grow, increase, melt, open, sink, slow, spread, start, stop and tear.

# data[].attributes.headline
Difference between Passive and Middle Constructions

# data[].attributes.subject
Difference between Passive and Middle Constructions

# data[].attributes.body
The difference between the passive and middle constructions is that the passive suggests the existence of an agent, even if one is not explicit.

Examples:

# data[].attributes.headline
Intransitive Verbs with Ergative Meaning

# data[].attributes.subject
Intransitive Verbs with Ergative Meaning

# data[].attributes.body
Also, an ergative meaning can be expressed by intransitive verbs that take the focus of the process as subjects.

# data[].attributes.body
Some linguists reject the idea of the middle voice. Yoshimura and Taylor (2004) explained the compatibility between the middle construction and advertising. These promotional statements occur in the simple present tense because the refer to a generic aspect of the world.
Here are some examples:

# data[].attributes.body
1. Knowing when English speakers use the passive (instead of active or the middle voice)
2. Knowing when they include a explicit agent in a passive sentence

# data[].attributes.headline
The passive is used when we want to remove focus from the agent.

# data[].attributes.subject
The passive is used when we want to remove focus from the agent.

# data[].attributes.body
There are three specific times when this might be warranted.

# data[].attributes.body
The passive is used when the agent is not mentioned because:

# data[].attributes.body
The passive is used when the patient is more closely related than the agent to the theme of the text:

# data[].attributes.body
The passive is used when the nonagent is a participant in the immediately preceding sentence.

# data[].attributes.body
The distribution of passives among genres varies. When there is more focus on the outcomes, such as in scientific writing, there is more passive voice.

# data[].attributes.headline
When is the long agent used?  i.e. when does the agent appear?

# data[].attributes.subject
When is the long agent used?  i.e. when does the agent appear?

# data[].attributes.body
In only 15-20% of the passives occurring in texts are agents explicitly included.

Examples:

# data[].attributes.headline
The passive voice fulfills important functions.

# data[].attributes.subject
The passive voice fulfills important functions.

# data[].attributes.body
Many style manuals rebuke writers for using passive voice. However, it can play an important role in academic writing. Traditionally it has been thought to contribute to the overall objective tone of academic writing, but it can actually reveal the writer's stance. "Academic prose is not completely impersonal...writers gain credibility by projecting an identidy invested with individual authority, displaying confidence in their evaluations and commitment to their ideas". (p 1091).

Example of helpful passive voice:

# data[].attributes.body
Most grammar text treat passive voice as a variant of active voice. However, it should be consider in its own category; separate from active and even middle voice.

When working with second language learners, the biggest challenge to overcome is to understand when to use passive voice. It is better to start with the introduction of passive as a grammatical construction with a specific use of its own before moving on.

# data[].attributes.headline
Most languages in the world employ different voices to put different constituents in focus.

# data[].attributes.subject
Most languages in the world employ different voices to put different constituents in focus.

# data[].attributes.body
"which uses a form of the verb to tell us whether the subject is the actor or is acted upon"

two basic voices
1. active
2. PASSIVE

# data[].attributes.body
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Celce-Murcia, M. (2016). Passive Voice. In The grammar book: Form, meaning, and use for English language teachers (Third ed., pp. 351-371). Boston: National Geographic Learning, Heinle Cengage Learning.