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Conventions include spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphing. They are typically what an editor of a book would look for before approving a book to be published. Writers who have mastered conventions enhance the meaning of their texts by making words and sentences less distracting for the reader.

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The ideas of a book are what give the book meaning and purpose. They are the content--what the reader is learning, and hopefully, enjoying. The details, along with the main overarching theme they support, are what make a book pop with ideas.

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The organization of a text is how it is structured. It is how the author wants the reader to receive the information to enhance the central idea. A book with good organization has a meaningful beginning that hooks the reader, ideas in the body of the text that are incrementally given to the reader, and an ending that leaves the reader satisfied and wondering.

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Word choice is the use of words rich with imagery that not only communicate meaning, but incite a change of opinion or a revelation in the reader. Word choice is not simply using advanced words, but using a mixture of them and everyday words effectively. Authors employ figurative language to spark imagination in the reader.

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Voice is hearing the author's personality in a piece of writing, whether it is how they try to persuade, humor and lightheartedness they add, or a sense of attention to the reader. It gives the reader a feeling that the author is enthusiastic and serious about the message. When an author has mastered including voice, their writing is distinguishable from others.

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A wordless book about a girl in the slavery-era South who discovers a runaway slave, Unspoken delivers a suspenseful story in a sequential organization. The book is not long, but readers of all ages could become attached to this book because of the unspoken understanding between the girl and the slave. The book has an ending that leaves the reader desiring more, but hopeful that the runaway slave made it to a free state. To teach organization using this book as a mentor text, I would have students write words for the book, following the events in order, and discuss how the structure can be determined by looking at pictures alone.

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Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

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Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

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A classic book whose story is so relatable, this story is told by Alexander himself, who feels no one is listening to him when he says he is having a very bad day. The book is organized by sequence of events all tied to a main idea. It is a fantastic example of events happening one after another. I could use this mentor text to help students write their own stories that have a series of events. For example, students could write about their own bad days using the same type of organization they saw in the book.

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This mentor text can be used as an example of good organization. It starts out with an interesting beginning (bears living in a house like humans). The content of the book is told in a simple sequential order, and it is easy for kids to follow. Students could work with index cards or graphic organizers to plan their writing in a first, then, last order.

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This mentor texts serves as a great example to teach cause and effect. The events in the book revolve around the chameleon wishing it were something else, like a giraffe. As a result of trying to be something else, the chameleon's life gets only harder. The cause-and-effect style of the chameleons wishes could be analyzed by students one at a time to get an idea of how one event causes another event to happen.

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This mentor text is an excellent example of the ideas trait because of how Nana makes the bus ride interesting for CJ. CJ wonders why he and Nana go to the soup kitchen after church every week, and why they ride the bus, and how the blind man navigates his world. The author offers new perspectives on things children see every day and wonder about. This book can be used to show students how there is much more to their environment than meets the eye and that ideas can be drawn from anywhere.

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This book is an excellent example of conventions. The book tells of a night friends Eleanor Roosevelt and Amelia Earhart sneak off from a dinner party to go for a ride in Amelia's airplane. This book would be appropriate because it demonstrates abundant use of quotations, paragraphs, punctuation marks and capitalization in places other than the ends of sentences, and exemplary grammar. I would use this book to teach students to know when a noun is classified as a proper noun since there are many examples in the book.

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Sentence fluency is the rhythm and flow of writing that causes it to sound natural. With good sentence fluency, the reader can easily breeze through, assuming they are fluent readers. There is no need to reread a sentence when sentence fluency is on point. Word patterns are used effectively and are not awkward.

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This mentor text is a brief history of how everything in our world came from an original idea. It will get students curious about the ideas that created the world around them. This interactive story provides students the opportunity to experience what it is like to generate ideas. The pop up features can be mimicked in a lesson requiring students to make their own multimodal books.

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Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls 2 is a great nonfiction novel for young girls because it shows that women can have as many great ideas as men. For example, Alice Ball, a chemist (p. 6), shows students that they can have an idea and work hard to solve a problem. Alice was able to find a cure for leprosy despite not getting to receive any credit until after she died. It's important for students to realize that ideas can have impacts generations later. This would be a good book to keep around to highlight women's contributions and would be used to flesh out any information needed for a subject area lesson such as science.

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The story of Little Red Writing is about a classroom of pencils who are going on a journey to write a story. It turns writing into an adventure, encouraging students to try writing out their own ideas. The story visualizes words as actions. This is great for struggling readers and writers that need to see how words can impact a story. This book would be used before assigning students writing, particularly a narrative.

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Three Bears in a Boat allows students to experience high level vocabulary through a dynamic story. Words such as fled, huddled, reckon, incident, dune, are all fantastic words from this story. The author David Soman higher-level vocabulary with enough context that burgeoning readers can understand the words within the context of the sentence. This book can be used to show how higher level vocabulary can be integrated in their writing.

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The story Big Bad Bunny is a good choice to display how words can get the audience to feel a particular way about the characters. At the beginning of the story, Big Bad Bunny is only associated with negative adjectives, and is not welcome in Cherry Blossom Forest. The audience and characters are both fed up with Bunny. However, the author uses the character, Owl, to create empathy for Bunny. The adjectives associated with Bunny become positive. By the end, Bunny is no longer Big Bad Bunny, he is Our Friend Bunny.

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The story Bunnicula can be used to show how authors develop different attitudes and tones towards a subject through word choice by different characters. Harold Chester and the Monroes all view Bunnicula differently. The word choices by the author for each character help showcase their attitudes towards Bunnicula. This book can be used as an example for how characters with different attitudes can be portrayed in a story.

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The Three Little Javelinas is a good book to use when showing how culture can be reflected through word choice. This is especially important when helping ELLs learn cognates between their home language and their new language. This story shows how culturally important places, environments, and values can be portrayed in a story. This book could be used in conjunction with a traditional version of the Three Little Pigs to show students how a cultural lens can change a story.

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She-ra: Origin of a Hero is a good choice for discussing voice. She-ra is raised by the horde and is taught that the rebels are bad. She-ra encounters the rebels and learns that there is another side to the story. As She-ra begins to listen to the voices around her, she is able to come up with her own perspective for Etherea. This novel showcases several LGBTQ+ characters and highlights the differences between the different factions and how they can all harmoniously work together despite their differences. This is a good book for highlighting representation and for showing how different people have different voices.

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Hands & Hearts is a good novel for teaching students that voices come in many different forms. The story is a mother and daughter who go to the beach. The characters are deaf and express themselves through sign language. The story teaches fifteen signs while telling the story. This book can be used to highlight the Deaf community and to show how you can tell stories through body language.

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Itty Bitty Kitty is a good book to teach voice because the character struggles to voice her desires. Throughout the story, the girl tries to convince her parents to let her have a cat. Her parents use their voice to find reasons they should not have a cat. The girl rescues a stranded kitten and raises it in secret. Her parents originally want her to get rid of the cat, until it saves her baby brother. This shows that voices can have dynamic change during a story. This book can be used to teach how characters should change after a climax.

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This mentor text can be used to is good for practicing sentence fluency because it allows students to predict and learn new sounds through rhyme. The stories silly premise of animals with increasingly odd illnesses coupled with the bouncy rhyme scheme makes it an engaging read. The repetition of the pets with each new ailment allows students multiple opportunities to practice fluency. This can translate to writing by showing them how to create rhythm and movement through their sentence fluency.

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Sassafras is a good story for sentence fluency because it shows how language can be used playfully to create mood for the audience. By having Sassafras overly pronounce sophisticated words, it helps the reader understand that Sassafras is a princess among poodles. It also shows how language can be played with in creative writing to create a mood. For example, instead of saying "Flukenberger," the author draws out the "Fluuuuu" to let the reader feel how pretentious they are being. This is a good example because students can be encouraged to be creative with their own writing.

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The Magic School Bus: Inside the Human Body

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The Magic School Bus: Inside the Human Body

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The Magic School Bus: Inside the Human Body can be used to show how sentence fluency can be used with scientific terminology. Throughout the story, the Frizz uses scientific vocabulary to detail the processes of the human body. Her academic sentence structure couples with the fantasy elements of the story allow for an engaging read. This can be used to show students how they can incorporate academic vocabulary into their writing.

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The Princess in Black and the Hungry Bunny Horde

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The Princess in Black and the Hungry Bunny Horde

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The Princess in Black and the Hungry Bunny Horde is good for showing sentence fluency because the author uses sentence length to create action. Whenever the Princess in Black is fighting, the author uses short sentences to create a fast pace. For example, "Shimmer sweep! Feisty flash! Twinkle, twinkle, little smash!" This can be used to show students how sentence structure can show an increase in characters movement or actions.

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Where Are You From? is a good mentor text to use to practice conventions in writing. The book is about a little girl who is asked "Where are you really from?" by her friends and others. She turns to her abuelo for answers and discovers things many wonderful things about where she is from. These details are written with many commas, italicized words, and question marks. The book is an outstanding example of good grammar that could be used to teach students how to fit many details into one sentence by using correct grammar.

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The Proudest Blue is about a girl who admires her sister for wearing a hijab proudly despite comments people make behind her back. This is a good mentor text to teach conventions because it contains sentences that might seem incorrectly written, but actually follow the conventions of English and enhance the writing. For example, students might wonder if it is okay to write a sentence like "A new backpack, new light-up shoes," where there is no subject or verb. In writing, authors can make changes like this to enlighten readers. This book could be used to show that narratives can be enriched by the writers personal touch in conventions.

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All Because You Matter allows students to see different ways a book can be written while maintaining correct punctuation, grammar, and spelling. It also incorporates words from different cultures which shows the student that you can write in any language, and that one sentence may contain cross-cultural elements. This book showcases usage of ellipses, which may be unfamiliar to young writers. This book could be used to show that traditional left-to-right writing in which each line is filled up with words is not always necessary to be worthy of publishing.

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The Undefeated is a good poem to represent how the author's passion can be worked into a text to create unforgettable meaning. The poem highlights important figures in Black history with a tone that tells the reader "Hey! Recognize the people!" This poem can be used as an example to students that an author who is committed to their message will be able to show it effectively in their writing.