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They moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus in Syria, made it easier to control conquered land.

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They moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus in Syria, made it easier to control conquered land.

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The Umayyads established a hereditary system of succession.

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The Umayyads established a hereditary system of succession.

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Gained power after the known family Ali was murdered in 661. This was when the Muslim community wasn't united as groups struggled for power.

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Many different groups accepted Umayyad rule to be caliph. This group was called the Sunni. However, the other group decided that only members of Muhammad's family could rule caliph. This group is called Shi'ite.

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Descendants of Muhammad's uncle took control of the empire and rebelled the Umayyad group.

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The Abbasid group moved the capital to Baghdad in central Iraq.

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They ruled during the Muslim golden age, but the caliph were isolated from the people. The government had trusted advisers that held the empire together by force. They had an army that's made out of mercenaries and hired soldiers.

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A group called Seljuk, took control of the Muslim empire's government and in 1258 an invading group stormed inti Baghdad and killed the last living Abbasid.

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The Umayyad controlled almost all of Spain by the time of 750. The last Umayyad prince in 755 fled and founded his own dynasty. He established an independent state called Al-Andalus  and didn't acknowledge Abbasid.

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Abd al-Rahman III authority was challenged by the Arabs leader in 912 when he assumed power. He eventually claimed his caliph title in 929 after directly competing against the Abbasids. His strong leadership united all the Muslims in Spain and preserved the Umayyads power. The state reached its peak under his rule.

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Abd al-Rahman III extended the Great Mosque which held over 50,000 worshippers. He transformed Cordoba into the greatest city which later became most known as the center of learning. There, there was a library filled with 40,000 books, Jews, Christians, and Muslims all lived there with a government that sympathy the beliefs and practice of other.

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After the death of  Abd al-Rahman III, a civil war erupted. After 1031, Al-Andalus split into many small kingdoms. The strongest one being the Christians king of northern Spain which eventually took over all of Muslim Spain. The last standing Muslim city, Granada, was captured in 1492. This ended almost 800 years of Europe being ruled by Muslims.

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A dynasty of Turkish Muslim known as the Ottoman emerged out of no where in 1290 when the Al-Andalus started declining. They captured many Byzantine cities, expanding in not only size but also power. They ended the Byzantine empire in 1453 when they captured Constantinople As they continued thriving they ended Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Challenged the Safavid Empire that rivaled the Muslim power and many more things.

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Suleyman I ruled Ottoman to its peak. He together with his army conquered vast portions of northern Africa and eastern Europe. Besides military conquests, Suleyman I had many other interests including, poetry, goldsmith, and patrons of arts.
Many mosques and palaces that we see today are his work.

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Although the Ottomans started declining after Suleyman I rule, it was able to last all the way up until 1900. A reason for this is because of its religious tolerance. The Jews and Christians were organized into self governing communities. These communities leader worked with the Ottoman government, ensuring a positive relationship.

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Like any other civilization, the Ottomans also had social class. They took young boys from non-Muslim villages and educated them to fight for their sultan, the Ottoman's ruler. The Ottomans mostly relied on the salves, to staff their government and army. The women in Ottomans on the other hand lived restricted lives. The upper-class women were basically isolated, meanwhile the lower class women had more freedom.

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The Safavid was also a Muslim empire. It started with an leader named Ismail who united Persian kingdom becoming an independent state. They started invading Ottoman's land and rapidly extended their borders. For more then 100 years, they fought with the Ottomans. They gained and lost many lands as the battle continues.

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The Safavid developed a strong economy as they were located in the center of the international trade routes. With the wealth, they built schools, roads, hospitals, and brides. Made their capital into the most magnificent city in the world, and had 270 public bath as well as 160 mosques.

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Making Persia into a cultural center they attracted crafts people, artists, and traders of a varieties of nationalities. The government supported art and industry resulting in a mix of carpets and textiles.

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After reaching its peak in 1588-1629, Safavid started declining after being in the rule of many weak shah. When a group of Afghan warriors invaded Safavid in 1722 resulting to its downfall.

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The Mughals were nomads in the beginning when conquered north and central India under their leader Badur in 1526. As time went on their empire the Mughal empire stretched across almost the whole subcontinent .

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At the age of 13, Akbar the great, came to the throne and led Muslims in India to their golden age. He doubled Babur's conquest and stabilized the empire. He established a loyal governing class, and allowed many different religion to exist in the empire.

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The empire reached its peak in 1628 under Akbar's grandson, and became known for it's wealth and beautiful splendor. Shah Jahan collected thousands precious jewels and art of Europe.

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The Mughal Empire eventually faded and began to decline. This led to the countries that had been eyeing India to finally make a move. In 1857, the British who by then had gained control of India sent the last Mughal ruler into exile.