# data[].attributes.body
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy--to help a person cope with anxiety or PTSD.
- Medication (Prazosin)

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mild: less than 15 times per hour
moderate: 15-30 times per hour
severe: greater than 30 times per hour

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CPAP machine--provides air.

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According to Dsm5, it is repeated episodes of rising from sleep and walking around and doing actions. People who sleepwalk have a blank look on face and is unresponsive to people trying to communicate with individual sleepwalking. Occurs in Stage 3 Non-REM.

# data[].attributes.body
Poor sleep habits

Underlying psychological disorders

Extreme sleep deprivation

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Have a glazed, glassy-eyed expression

Not respond or communicate with others

Be difficult to wake up during an episode

Be disoriented or confused for a short time after being awakened

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treatment- for most sleepwalking cases in children, it disappears by teenage years so treatment isn’t necessary

getting an adequate amount of sleep can also be a remedy to the problem

adjusting medication

hypnosis

therapy and counseling

meditation

regular bedtime routine

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- Loud snoring
- Daytime sleepiness
- Irritability
- Possible high blood pressure which increases the risk of a heart attack or a stroke.

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Nightmares, or dreams with explicit, unsettling content, occur most often during REM sleep, when the brain is most prone to vivid dreaming...Night terrors, on the other hand, tend to occur earlier, during non-REM sleep. Nightmares are vividly recalled.
The Difference Between Night Terrors and Nightmares. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/3-ways-tell-nightmare-night-terror.

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- Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival,  security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode.
- The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

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- Nightmare disorder. (2017, July 6). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nightmare-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353515.
- DerSarkissian, C. (2019, May 15). Adult Nightmares: Causes and Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/nightmares-in-adults.

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- Apnea means "with no breath"
- people with this disorder will stop breathing while they sleep.
- As a persons blood oxygen levels decrease, they will be aroused and will wake up with very little oxygen
-Only 1 in 20 people have sleep apnea
- Sleep apnea is associated with obesity or high blood pressure.

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It is a sleeping disorder where a person has a sudden attack of sleepiness. It usually lasts less than 5 minutes.

People that have narcolepsy can fall asleep at any random and inappropriate time

In severe cases people will fall right into REM sleep and have loss of muscular tension.

It can happen after a good sports performance, after laughing hard or being very angry.

To be diagnosed with narcolepsy you would be napping multiple times in the same day, random periods of sleep has to happen at least 3 times a week over the past three months. As well as at least one of the following:

Cataplexy episodes

Hypocretin deficiency

Nocturnal sleep polysomnography

Treatment: Amphetamines

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- Anxiety and Depression can cause adult nightmares.
- PTSD also cause people to experience chronic, recurrent nightmares.
- These nightmares can be caused by sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome.

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A type of sleep disorder, also known as dream anxiety disorder, involves undesirable experiences that occur while you're falling asleep, during sleep or when you're waking up.
Nightmare disorder. (2017, July 6). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nightmare-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353515.

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- Major distress or impairment during the day (anxiety or fear)
- Problems with concentrations or memory
- Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or low energy

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- recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream. there is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal
- cannot remember the dream
- the episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment effects of a substance
causes
- genetic
- stress
- sleep deprivation
treatment
- improve stress
- improve sleeping conditions
- imrpove underlying issue

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Night Terror occurs in NREM-3 (deep sleep). Dreams cannot be recalled.
Nightmares can be remembered and occur in REM.

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Causes:
- stress, depression, anxiety, medications, health problems, sleep environment, traumatic experiences,
Treatment:
Stick to a regular sleep schedule, make sure bedroom is quiet and dark, avoid naps, avoid stressful situations before bedtime, don't drink caffeine or alcohol, use bedroom only for sleeping, take melatonin or valerian, go to therapy or diagnosed sleeping pills
Insomnia. (2019, December 11). Retrieved from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/insomnia-causes-and-cures.htm.

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DSM-5

A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one(or more) of the following symptoms:

Difficulty initiating sleep

Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakening

Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep

The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week

The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months

The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep

The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects f a substance

Ex

A drug of abuse, A medication

Insomnia → a recurring problem in falling or staying asleep.

1 in 10 adults and 1 in 4 older adults complain of insomnia

Insomnia is not the occasional inability to sleep due to anxiousness or excitement, rather it is a persistent problem in falling asleep...

Insomnia is not just waking in the night either, because that is normal and increases as you age.

Most common treatments, sleeping pills, and alcohol can aggravate the problem

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For additional detail, have at least one person refer to the DSM-5 (linked in title):

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For additional detail, have at least one person refer to the DSM-5 (linked in title):

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Sleep Disorder (p. # in DSM-5)
Sleepwalking Disorder (Somnambulism) p.399
Insomnia p.362
Sleep apnea p.378
Narcolepsy p.372
Nightmare Disorder p.404
Sleep Terror Disorder p.399

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Be sure to also address what stage of sleep this occurs in. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to also address what stage of sleep this occurs in. 

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Be sure to address what stage of sleep nightmares occur in/how this is different than Night Terror Disorder. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to address what stage of sleep nightmares occur in/how this is different than Night Terror Disorder. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Be sure to address what stage of sleep Night Terrors occur in/how this is different than Nightmare Disorder. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to address what stage of sleep Night Terrors occur in/how this is different than Nightmare Disorder. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Be sure to also address how many times per night a person stops breathing. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to also address how many times per night a person stops breathing. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Be sure to also address what stage of sleep a person falls into. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to also address what stage of sleep a person falls into. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Be sure to also address what makes this a disorder, and not just normal, occasional trouble falling asleep. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Be sure to also address what makes this a disorder, and not just normal, occasional trouble falling asleep. 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Each table selects a sleep disorder. (Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Night Terrors Disorder, Nightmare Disorder, Sleepwalking) pp.238-240.
2. Read about it in the textbook and add information to the class Padlet.  Information to include in post:  Description of the disorder, Causes of the disorder, Symptoms of the disorder, and Treatment of the Disorder.  You will probably have to look up causes and treatment outside of the textbook. Any sources outside of the textbook used, cite in APA format.  Citation Machine is a great tool to help you.  To add a post, just double-click.

3. Select one person to present the information to the class.