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A clause in the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution that prohibits states from denying “equal protection of the laws” to any person within its jurisdiction.
The states may require people to pass a vision as a condition of receiving a driver’s license. However, states cannot deny a person a driver’s license because of their race, gender, or other minority considerations. The clause also states that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process, and that no state can enforce laws that hinder the privileges of its citizens.

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In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted blacks the right to vote. Still, many whites, especially those in the South, were unhappy, because the people they once slaved had now the same voting power.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.  This laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.

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One of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963: Organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King Jr.

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Prior to World War II, most blacks were low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most blacks weren’t given the better paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military. As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement.

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The 42-year-old "colored" citizen, Rosa Parks, was arrested for refusing to give up her place to a target on an Alabama bus. Then there was a line separating the vehicles so that the Caucasian and the blacks were seated at the front. His incarceration aroused the boycott of Montgomery's buses and is recognized as "the first Lady of civil rights" in the United States. The following year, segregation was declared illegal.

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In 1954, US Supreme Court made segregation illegal.

In 1957, nine black students (aka Little Rock nine) arrived at Central High School, but were met by the Arkansas National Guard. The Little Rock Nine tried again a couple weeks later and made it inside but had to be removed for their safety.

Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.

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Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for blacks. On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.

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This event is part of the Greensboro sit-ins, that were a series of nonviolent protests in North Carolina.
Four college black students refused to leave a Woolworth’s lunch counter without being served. A lot of people joined their cause imitating them until the original four were finally served. Their efforts caused peaceful demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the SNCC to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement.

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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire.
He gave the famous "I have a dream" speech during the march on Washington.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP4iY1TtS3s

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Malcolm X was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence.
He was killed in 1965.

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1968 ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING

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1968 ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING

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On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room’s balcony.

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The Fair Housing Act became law on April 11, 1968, just days after King’s assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.

The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for blacks in America. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protestors of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.

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Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct which involves undue violence by police members. In the USA this happens often between a black person and a white police officer.
Some example of black people that were killed by white police officers are: Stephon Clark, Terence Crutcher, Philando Castile, Alton Sterling, Walter Scott, Eric Harris, Tony Robinson, Rumain Brisbon, Tamir Rice, Laquan McDonald, Michael Brown Jr. or Eric Garner. You can read more about them here.

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On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of a black civil rights activist by a white police officer and encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.
As they neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police. Refusing to stand down, protestors moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by police and dozens of protestors were hospitalized.
The entire incident was televised and became known as “Bloody Sunday.” Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march.

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When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.

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It was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to obtain equal rights under the law in the USA. The Civil War had officially stopped slavery, but it didn’t end discrimination against blacks—they continued the devastating effects of racism. By the mid-20th century, African Americans had more than enough of prejudice and violence against them. They, along with many whites, began a fight for equality that lasted two decades.