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During the Colonial Era, being an artisan laborer was helpful in the workplace. Technology was minimal, therefore human labour was still essential in  industrialization. Skilled workers were very important until the end of this era, being that they were later replaced by machines and large factories. All these skilled workers were males. This excluded women from all opportunities and jobs.

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Girl at a Spinning Wheel, Francis Hayman, 1725-1750

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Girl at a Spinning Wheel, Francis Hayman, 1725-1750

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This painting displays both artisan labour and gender roles. The woman is weaving cloth which is hand done, since there was no technology to do this for them. This, of course, is completed by a female, being that during this time period, girls weren't eligible of doing real, skilled work.

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Rural Farm Life, found on infobase images (no artist included)

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Rural Farm Life, found on infobase images (no artist included)

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This artwork specifically shows the difference between the work of men and women. The man in the back is doing the cattle work on a farm, and the girls are talking surrounded by chickens and dogs, not doing productive matter. The cattle work is clearly the more difficult job, undeniably always given to the men to do because of how much more hands on and artisan laborious it was.

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One of the most prominent ministers in late colonial New England, Jonathan Mayhew was born at Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, to parents Experience and Remember Mayhew. The Mayhew family included a number of successful ministers and missionaries, and Jonathan's career was to be no different. He attended Harvard for four years, graduating in 1744. In 1747, after being ordained, he was invited to be the pastor of West Church in Boston, a post he held for the rest of his life.

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This shows how men were placed on a pedi stool and given opportunities such as the ability to go to college, which only educated men. The man described in the source, Jonathan Mayhew, followed in his fathers footsteps with a life as a minister, something females could not be.

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She kept a diary of her trip, which depicts her as being an intrepid woman. At a time when women rarely ventured away from their hometowns except in the company of a father or husband, she traveled alone and on horseback through a country with poor roads, signage, and accommodations. She overcame all these problems and settled the legal affair to her satisfaction.

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Some women decided against society norms and took matters into their own hands. For example, Sarah Kemble Knight, a widow, needed to become self reliant and make a life for herself, something believed to require a male figure to be achieved. This meant that she had to do the unexpected work of a girl, getting her hands and knees dirty doing real work.

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As the number of factories in America began to increase, production increased causing the economy to grow. Machines that did most of the work replaced labor workers. The factories hired less skilled workers that could learn how to operate these machines.

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The Progress of the Century, Currier & Ives, 1876

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The Progress of the Century, Currier & Ives, 1876

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World War II pushed the United States into a time of growth or an “economic boom”. This time, Post-World War II, could also be considered The Golden Age of Capitalism. During this period, 1945 – 1960, more and more citizens were considered middle class, automobiles became more common, as did televisions. Family farms became scarce as more efficient methods became more common.

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World War II pushed the United States into a time of growth or an “economic boom”. This time, Post-World War II, could also be considered The Golden Age of Capitalism. During this period, 1945 – 1960, more and more citizens were considered middle class, automobiles became more common, as did televisions. Family farms became scarce as more efficient methods became more common.

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As the rise of corporations began to transpire, technology flourished, leading to the growth in cities and a substantial economic boom. Cities begin to grow due to the influx of immigrants, and the creation of subways & skyscrapers (examples of technology at the time). With the construction of the TCRR, Americans were able to efficiently transport goods over the length of the country, consequently improving the US economy. 

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As the rise of corporations began to transpire, technology flourished, leading to the growth in cities and a substantial economic boom. Cities begin to grow due to the influx of immigrants, and the creation of subways & skyscrapers (examples of technology at the time). With the construction of the TCRR, Americans were able to efficiently transport goods over the length of the country, consequently improving the US economy. 

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The Last Spike, Thomas Hill, 1829 - 1908

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The Last Spike, Thomas Hill, 1829 - 1908

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This lithographic print shows a man in the center using an electric telegraph to print out a message. A boy on the left using a printers tools at a table and two other men standing in the background using a printing press. On the right there is a steamboat and a steam locomotive. All these inventions were revolutionary for industries in the 19th century. They made production easier and more efficient.

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Of valid economics pre-dating the Power Age (steam and electricity), there remains not a vestige. Of valid economics pre-dating the intensive and extensive use of electricity there will soon exist only rags and tatters. We still have to thank Adam Smith for insisting 'Consumption is the sole end and purpose of production;' but the old form of the law of demand and supply is outmoded, since supply has become practically inexhaustible.

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With the help of steam and electric machines the production rate increased greatly. Making the supply practically limitless.

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Cotton textile mills used water power to keep the machines running. Using machines to make textiles was a lot quicker than by hand. Women who worked the mills where referred to as “mill girls”. Women made up 90 percent of the workers in the mills in the early 1800’s.

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The painting above displays the impact that the creation of the TCRR had on the American People. In the scene, Leland Stanford is driving a golden spike to connect the Central Pacific Railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad. In doing so the TCRR was fully assembled. The significance of this ceremonious event is reflected through the amount of people at this event, and the color of the spike. All of these Americans want to spectate the final step in finishing the revolutionary coast-to-coast railroad. It can also be said that all of the people are white men, the current superiority in society during the Gilded Age. In addition, the spike being golden adds extra meaning due to its connotation of wealth, grandeur, and prosperity.

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Chatham Square, Colin Campbell Cooper, 1919

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Chatham Square, Colin Campbell Cooper, 1919

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Technological 'revolutions' don't really overthrow anything - they simply append a new and dynamic market to that which went before.

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Technology revolutions don't really change. New technology replaces the old and changes the way production and the economy works. New ways of production, transportation, and expansion were part of the changing lifestyle during the Market Revolution.

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Throughout United States history, industrialization evolved from an artisan labor reliant system to sustainable, efficient machinery and technology, greatly improving transportation and general production.

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Throughout United States history, industrialization evolved from an artisan labor reliant system to sustainable, efficient machinery and technology, greatly improving transportation and general production.

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The painting shown reflects the beauty of the established city of New York, and the technology being created. The city is bustling with people, and shows automobiles/vehicles driving around as well. Apartment complexes and cities are built representing not only the rise of the population in the city, but also growth in jobs and infrastructure. A departing train can be seen leaving the station transporting people to their destination, a revolutionary piece of technology which came about in the Gilded Age. This allowed people to not only reach their destination faster, but increased speed in the transportation of goods nationwide.

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We are in great haste to construct a magnetic telegraph from Maine to Texas; but Maine and Texas, it may be, have nothing important to communicate.

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Though there are many very intelligent American innovators and pioneers creating outstanding inventions during this time period; Not every development is necessary, some are being made and not used to their maximum potential by the people around them.

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Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth, 1889

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Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth, 1889

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And there is no use whatever, gentlemen, trying to help people who do not help themselves. You cannot push any one up a ladder unless he be willing to climb a little himself.

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Carnegie is arguing that it is not wealthy folk's responsibility to help the needy, especially if those that seek his help are not making any effort to do it themselves. As Carnegie was a self-made upper class man he came up with this philosophy himself. During the Gilded Age business corporations began to rise, Carnegie and Rockefeller were two major leaders/pioneers in the industry.

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The picture above directly relates to post World War 2 industrialization, for we are introduced once again to the white folk whom prospered most at this time. The artist expresses joy, happiness and dominance all within this scenery. If you notice, in the bottom left corner, there is the same man happy as he drives his car. Cars played a huge part in the economic boom post WWII as did roadways. The white man is also in a suit.  A farmer would not be found wearing a suit. At the time, farmers had received the short end of the stick and the large corporation owner were happily residing on the other end.

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Maya Gonzalez, The History of Separation

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Maya Gonzalez, The History of Separation

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Here Gonzalez emphasizes the effect industrialization after the war ended on the economy socially. Yes, we were growing as a whole financially, but the boom lead to
more separation between people such as business owners and the laborers. Gonzalez also makes it clear that not only is this effecting the relations between the workers and business owners, but it is effecting everyone as we are beginning to rely on one another, but move further apart for industrialization has made it easier to be spread.

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The expropriation of “workers” set against the “means of production”— is simultaneously the social separation of individuals from one another, of the sphere of production from that of reproduction. It is also the separation of the economy from politics. All that is given in the phenomenon of market dependence and market exchange: we are cut off from nature and from other people, in such a way that we relate to both almost exclusively through the mediation of markets, overseen by states. We remain dependent on one another, but in a way that keeps us separate from one another. This practical unity-in-separation instantiates itself in a set of ideas, which come to seem self-evident: “a fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay”; “he who does not work shall not eat”.

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Office in a Small City, Edward Hopper, 1953

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Office in a Small City, Edward Hopper, 1953

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Known for displaying loneliness in his art, Edward Hopper shows us just how lonely you can get or how far technology and advancements can push us apart. As Maya Gonzalez talks about in the quote above, these were the consequences that came about after WWII. Here we see a man in a suit, alone taking in the scenery around his work space. There is no nature in sight. There is no person in sight. Just buildings, corporations that have seemingly taken over.

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The problem of architecture as I see it is the problem of all art – the elimination of the human element from the consideration of the form.

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Simply, as we make technological we move further away from nature and how the world was originally supposed to mother our world.