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Need more on gender roles

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Kempf, Wolfgang, and Elfriede Hermann. 2005. "Reconfigurations of Place and Ethnicity: Positionings, Performances and Politics of Relocated Banabansin Fiji." in Oceania 75, no. 4, 368-86. University of Gottingen

•Spatial belonging and ethnic identity among the Banabans resettled on Rabi Island in Fiji.

•Argue that the Banabansof Fiji make strategic use of such ethnic performances to affirm and advance, both their own politics of spatial and ethnic positioning on Rabi.

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Teaiwa, Katerina Martina. 2015. Consuming Ocean Island : Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba. Indiana University Press.

•Tells the story of the land and people of Banaba, a small Pacific island, which, from 1900 to 1980, was heavily mined for phosphate, an essential ingredient in fertilizer.

•As mining stripped away the island's surface, the land was rendered uninhabitable, and the indigenous Banabanswere relocated to Rabi Island in Fiji.

•Offers insight into the plight of other island peoples facing forced migration as a result of human impact on the environment.

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Bennett,JesiLujan. 2013. ApmamTiempTiUli'eHit (Long Time No See): Chamorro Diaspora and the Transpacific Home. Master Thesis, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.

•Explores Chamorro migration and settlement within new diasporic spaces like San Diego, California

•Shows how Chamorros living away from their home islands still find ways to stay connected to their cultural roots through their transpacific homes and identities.

•Examines the challenges and nuances of living in the transpacific diaspora through the examination of Chamorro organizations, clothing brands, and festivals

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"So when they first come in at 3:30 they do study hall for an hour an a half depending on who has the most assignment. After that we circle up. Circle up is for the aloha circle is very important to ground the children knowing that in circle they are physically there but there ancestors are also around them to ground them in everything they do.

After the circle up, we do some kind of activity, whether it’s chuukese language vocabulary or just a fun activity that pertains to the lesson plan that i’ve planned for the day and then after that they have free time to choose a kind of game to play with whether it’s with the leggos or whatever imagination they want to use and do

They each choose something that they wanna do and sometimes they play store, all of them together and it just helps them to be creative in what they want to do. the after they finish then we circle up again to close our circle and to talk about what they learnt that day. And then have snack and go home." Innocenta quote

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Interviews

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Participant Observation

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Talanoa

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Teaiwa, Teresia. 1992. “Microwomen: US Colonialism and Micronesian Women Activists.” In Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference, edited by Donald H Rubinstein, 125- 141. University of Guam Press & Micronesian Research Center.

Gender images and constructions. Microwomen. A woman centered view on history. The private power of women. Micronesian women believe that power should be shared between the sexes.

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Kim, Myjolynne Marie. 2007.  “Combatting "Dreaded Hogoleu" : Re-centering Local Histories and Stories of Chuukese Warfare.” MA Thesis, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

The active roles of Women in Chuukese Society. Women are considered the peacemakers. Why women are valued in society.

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Kihleng, Kimberlee. 1996. “Women in Exchange: Negotiated Relations, Practice, and the Constitution of Female Power in Processes of Cultural Reproduction and Change in Pohnpei, Micronesia.” PhD Diss., University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

How Pohnpeian women maintain their power and efficacy in contemporary society. Demonstrates the ability of Pohnpeian women to effectively adapt their productive knowledge and skills to a capitalist world system even as they contribute, dynamically so, to the preservation of traditional culture, or custom​

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Iding, Marie, Cholymay, Novia, and Kaneshiro, Sandra. 2007. "Building Bridges, Not Barriers: Inviting Chuukese Family Involvement in Hawaii Schools." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 1, no. 1, 10-13.​

Describes some of the differences between the educational experiences of Chuuk islanders and people from Hawaiʻi.​

Some differences were availability of materials, different expectations for teachers and students, lack of English language instruction in Chuuk and variable reading background or preparation​

Additionally, it was found that islanders placed more value on traditional practices rather a formal education due to lack of employment.​

Barriers to adjustment to Hawaii schools included limited English proficiency, peer pressure, teachers' negative expectations or prejudice about Micronesian students and ethnic conflicts. ​
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Omori, Jill S M, Kleinschmidt, Cristina Keolanani, Lee, Eric K W, Lindshield, Christopher J, Kuribayashi, Tina, and Lee, Damon F. 2007. "Reasons for Homelessness among Micronesians at a Transitional Shelter in Hawai'i." Pacific Health Dialog 14, no. 1, 218-23.

Over 6,000 people are homeless in the State of Hawai'i and a growing number are of Micronesian descent.​

This study looks at reasons for homelessness in the Micronesian population.​

Of the 56% of patients that were found to be of Micronesian ancestry, overcrowded housing was the most common reason leading to homelessness.​

The second most common reason for these communities was the inability to afford rent.​

Overcrowded housing, probably caused by poverty, along with social and cultural differences, likely play a significant role in the reasons for homelessness in Micronesian migrants

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Yamada, S. 2008. “Discrimination in Hawaii and the Health of Micronesians.” Hawaiʻi Journal of Public Health. Hawai’i Department of Health, no. 3, 55-57.

The link between discrimination and healthcare​

How the State itself discriminated against Micronesians by disenrolling them from Medicaid​

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Hagiwara, Megan, Sentell, Tetine, Braun, Kathryn, Cassel, Kevin, Heck, Ronald, and Yamada, Seiji. 2016. Racial Discrimination, Health, and Healthcare in Hawai`i's Chuukese Community. Diss., University of Hawai’i.​

Purpose  was to assess the relationship between racial discrimination and health in Hawai‘i’s Chuukese community.​

Increased experiences with racial discrimination has been found to negatively affect health in other communities.

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Hofschneider, Anita B., and Hawai'i Appleseed Center for Law Economic Justice. 2011. Broken Promises, Shattered Lives : The Case for Justice for Micronesians in Hawai'i. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawai'i Appleseed Center for Law and Economic Justice. ​

A report on the struggles of the Micronesian community here in Hawaii and the barriers they face in the US​

Reviews institutional barriers to self-achievement and economic security for Compact of Free Association residents living in Hawaii.​

Includes history on the Compacts between the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Palau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands.​
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Kihleng, Kimberlee. 1992. “Kinswomen in Production and Exchange: Pohnpei Women in the Nineteenth Century.” In Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference, edited by Donald H Rubinstein, 169- 176. University of Guam Press & Micronesian Research Center.​

A detailed discussion of the different ways Pohnpei women were important in the islands past. ​

Reconstructs the roles of women prior to contact​

Demonstrates how Pohnpei women maintained their important place on the island as kinswomen and as active participants in all forms of exchange. ​

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Teaiwa, Teresia. 1992. “Microwomen: US Colonialism and Micronesian Women Activists.” In Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference, edited by Donald H Rubinstein, 125- 141. University of Guam Press & Micronesian Research Center. ​

Attempts  to identify the indigenous (but not precontact) cultural roles of women in the Marshalls, Chuuck and Belau. ​

Describes and interprets the relationship between US colonialism and the generalized roles of women. ​

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Uta'i, Sam. 2003. Mama Rules! : A Fresh Look at Pacific Women's Leadership. Christchurch, N.Z.: PACIFICA.

Discusses Pacific Island women perspectives on leadership and compares Pacific leadership values with Pakeha leadership values. Has interviews with Pacific island women in leadership roles

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Housing

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Education

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Health

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Pacific Island Women's Association. 2006. Voices of Pacific Island Women Residing in the Pacific Northwest : Reflections on Health, Economics, Education, and More. Seattle, WA: Pacific Island Women's Association.
Issues as identified by Pacific Island women

Report detailing the issues facing pacific islanders residing in the Pacific Northwest. Provides background information on the Pacific Island community living in the area and identifies issues as defined by the Pacific Islands Women's Association.

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McLeod, Abby. 2015. Women’s leadership in the Pacific. University of Birmingham

This paper summarises the state of knowledge on women’s leadership in the Pacific. It concentrates on three spheres: 1) formal politics, the main focus of the literature on women’s empowerment; 2) the bureaucracy, an important employer of women; and 3) civil society, where Pacific women are particularly active. It highlights that Pacific women’s prominent informal peacebuilding role has not always led to their participation in formal peacebuilding processes: opportunities to facilitate equitable social and political change have been missed.

In relation to the limited evidence base, it notes that women’s impact on governance and policy-making in the region has received little scrutiny. Further, although gender analyses carried out as part of donor- funded capacity development programmes contain much information on women’s participation in Pacific bureaucracies, this material is rarely made public.

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Chong, and Thomas. 1997. "Leadership Perceptions in Cross-cultural Context: Pakeha and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand." The Leadership Quarterly 8, no. 3. 275-93.

This study examined followers' perceptions of the leadership style of leaders who were culturally similar or different to themselves. Participants were members of two ethnic groups who were employed in one of four New Zealand organizations. Findings indicated that leader and follower ethnicity interact to affect follower satisfaction, Additionally. leadership prototypes held by members of the two ethnic groups appeared to have culturally-based differences. The study highlights the complexity of cross-cultural leadership situations and the need to consider the effects of both leader and follower ethnicity on leader follower relationships.

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Anastacio Juliana M 1998. “Palauan Women: Their Involvement in Politics.” Leadership in the Pacific islands: tradition and the future. Asia Pacific Press. 17-26.

Talks about how the shift to a democratic government has undermined women's traditional leadership roles. Discusses some of the issues preventing women from standing in the public arena and provides strategies for overcoming those issues. ***

Palauan women were decision makers, activity planners and financial contributors to male relatives. They appointed the chiefs to the head of clans (still do) Women also held titles which corresponded to those of the chiefs of the clan. Palauan women are the foundation of politics in Palau’s history. 17

Numerically there are more female organisations than male. 18

Roles of female organizations: Clearing paths, food prep, organising festivities 18

In traditional culture, Palauan women exercised their power and influence through both social controls and rights. 18

Roles of women in the family 19

Contribution of money to support male relatives 19

Women in palau play a major role in politics 21

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REFLECTIONS

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METHODOLOGY

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CAPSTONE ACTIVITY

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ADVOCACY

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DEFINITIONS OF LEADERSHIP

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TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES

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Reason 3

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Reason 2

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Reason 1

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TALANOA

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Diasporic Micronesian Women in Leadership positions are influencing cultural continuity and change by reinvesting their knowledge, time and money into community projects and programs

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How are Diasporic Micronesian Women in Leadership positions influencing cultural continuity and change.

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The community I am working with is the Pacific Voices Project. The program, supported by Kokua Kalihi Valley (KKV) and co-founded by Sound-Kikku, aims to perpetuate cultural art forms and history through after-school programming, performances and team sports. Location was an important factor in establishing the program. In 2010 Innocenta conducted a survey in Kalihi to figure out the needs. And out of that survey many women expressed that they really wanted a space they can send their kids because they were worried that they’re disconnected from their culture. The program runs from 3:30 to 7pm, Monday through wednesday and kids are taught various aspects of Chuukese language and culture. While the emphasis is on Chuukese culture-- as that is where Innocenta is from-- she welcomes aunties and uncles in the community from other Pacific countries willing to share their culture.

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My topic is on the changing cultural roles of women who have migrated away from their home islands. Specifically I focus on What island women (specifically women from the compact of free association states) in positions of power--now living and working in Hawai’i-- are doing to maintain their cultures and traditions.

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INTRO