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Text 1: Napoleon III and the Second Empire

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Text 1: Napoleon III and the Second Empire

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Napoleon III, is the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, he rose to power and set up the Second Empire. Napoleon III promised to end poverty, and was admired by all classes, wealthy and needy, for his leadership. Many people admired him because of his name, which his uncle built respect for when France towered over Europe. Napoleon III ruled as a dictator with the power to appoint almost the whole government. In the 1860's Napoleon the third began to ease his control on the nation. He gave more power to the legislature and extended democratic rights. Like most of Europe, France also flourished industrially, they built railroads and urbanized Paris. Also around this time Ferdinand de Lesseps, began construction on the Suez Canal, that connected the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Napoleon also legalized labor unions, extended public education to girls, and created a small public health program, but citizens were still in great poverty. Napoleon III's greatest mistakes were in warfare and foreign affairs. For example, Napoleon placed Maximillian as the leader of Mexico, but not to long after Mexican patriots resisted and the U. S. protested causing it to fail. Maximillian was then overthrown and shot by Mexican patriots. Napoleons successes were almost as costly as his failures. One example is when he helped Italy defeat Austria, then shortly after Italy betrayed France and became their rival. At the same time France was very worried about Prussia's growing power. The Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck manipulated the French into war. The Franco-Prussian war was devastating for France, causing Napoleon III to surrender to Germany, ending the Second Empire. After a string of defeats and surrenders, French was burning   to avenge their loss. Yet a Third Republic grew from the depression of the Second Empire. Democratic reforms, economic growth, and fierce nationalism all played a role in modern France today.

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Text 2: The Third Republic Faces New Struggles

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Text 2: The Third Republic Faces New Struggles

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At the end of the franco-prussian war, the Third Republic was set up as a new government in France. In 1871 an uprising began in Paris. Rebels set up the Paris commune and its goal was to save the republic from royalists.  Communards were patriots who rejected harsh peace that the national assembely assigned with Germany. The national assembaly ordered the commune to stop but they refused. The government sent troops to take back paris and they faught. The commune lost almost 30,000 lives. The third republic was kept for 70 years. France paid Germany from the peace treaty and expanded its empire. France was the largest democratic country in Europe. Thier overseas empire was only second to britain.

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France achieved serious reforms in the early 1900s. France passed laws regulating wages, hours, and safety conditions for workers. Creating public schools was apart of the campaign to reduce the control of the church. Tried  to end church envolvement in goverment. Dreyfus Affair, it had backed the army and ultranationalists. 1899 to 1905, the government enacted a series of reforms. The french passed a law to separate church and state and stopped paying the salaries of the clergy in 1905. 1890s, a growing women’s rights movement in France sought legal reforms. 1896 law giving married women the right to their own earnings. Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl founded the French Union for Women’s Suffrage in 1909. Liberal men were reluctant to grant women suffrage. French woman were finally able to vote in 1946.

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The Dreyfus affair was the most serious scandal that began in 1894.French army officer Captain Alfred Dreyfus was part of it he was charged with treason. Casued deep divisions in France. Dreyfus was accused of spying in Germany. Although he proclaimed his innocence he was still convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on Devils Island. The military claimed to have written evidence against him, he wasn't aloud to see the evidence tho. People of higher power convicted the people who stood up for Dreyfus of undermining France witch was lessening the power or ability of France. so it was split into two groups those who were with Dreyfus and those who were not. It scarred French politics and society for decades. In 1896, new evidence pointed to another officer Ferdinand Esterhazy as a spy. Emile Zola wrote an article called Jaccuse witched charged the army and government with suppressing what the truth was he was later convicted of Libel witch was publication of false statements. Much of the evidence from the Dreyfus case came out as forged. Dreyfus case made antisemitism in Europe rise. Anti semites were often part of lower class who felt insecure in there social and economic position. Theodor Herzl was a Hungarian jewish who lived in France. During antisemitism he called jews two set up there own nation state. Herzl helped zionism witch is a movment to helped rebuild jewish state in jews. He organized the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.