# data[].attributes.body
This article shows how spring tides, and neap tides worked together and may have evolved ancient sea creatures to have limbs.

# data[].attributes.body
Article shows how Serbia had fake news, and were inside while the rest of Europe was outside enjoying the eclipse

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
September 12, 2018 by Mike Addelman, University of Manchester

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Fake news about the dangers to Serbians from being outside during the 1999 solar eclipse resulted in the government advising the country to stay indoors, according to new research.

Historian Dr. Vladimir Jankovic from the University of Manchester says that virtually all Serbians hid in basements, air raid shelters and darkened rooms, while the rest of Europe celebrated the celestial event.

The fake news was also triggered by the reporting of the dangers of wearing faulty solar eclipse sunglasses.

The media frenzy led to the release of an official health warning, warning the public they might experience severe itching, hypertension, palpitations and the need to urinate frequently if they stayed outside during the eclipse.

According to Dr. Jankovic, one of the reasons for the doom mongering was an article in a small Serbian newspaper, which reported that faulty eclipse viewing sunglasses risked eye damage.

The newspaper discouraged the public from viewing the eclipse. Other newspapers also suggested that the eclipse would be dangerous to the health of Serbians and even political fate of the worn torn country, says Dr. Jankovic.

The reporting led to a Serbian media storm in the days leading up to the eclipse presenting the eclipse as a direct threat to human health. The government-controlled newspaper Politika urged everyone to stay indoors using sensationalist headlines such as "The Eclipse and the Apocalypse."

Dr. Jankovic's paper is published in Social Studies of Science.

He said, "Although it seems absurd that the solar eclipse caused such panic, it's quite understandable that Serbians, who had endured a decade of 'fear,' 'terror' and 'non-normality,' were particularly sensitive to the perception of risk.

"The Milošević government's decision to release this false warning was, in part, a result of opinions formed by the behavior and beliefs of others, while paying limited or no attention to scientific evidence.

"It's a salutary lesson for us all: the circulation of information today is more complex than ever with the ever-increasing numbers of news outlets and the appearance of social media.

"Fake news created a collective display of risk over-compensation in Serbia 1999, and 'fake news' continues to affect the decisions of people today.

"The circulation of information throughout modern day society is more complex than ever with the ever-increasing bounty of news outlets and the appearance of social media.

"Understanding how information is propagated and received by society is critical to understanding collective decision making and an awareness of the trustworthiness of news sources could lead to a more honest, democratic society."

He added: "The real risk of retinal damage caused by the eclipse was amplified through media hearsay and word of mouth to a point where the government felt compelled to take direct action.

"And that happened because of an atmosphere of fear and the heightened state of cautiousness of the Serbian people and its government at the time."

More information: Vladimir Jankovic. 'The sun without a permit': Serbian solar politics, informational risk cascades, and the Great Disappearing Act of August 1999, Social Studies of Science (2018). DOI: 10.1177/0306312718790812

Provided by: University of Manchester

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Faulty sunglasses and fake news-how a solar eclipse shut down Serbia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
September 12, 2018 by Mike Addelman, University of Manchester Fake news about the dangers to Serbians from being outside during the 1999 solar eclipse resulted in the government advising the country to stay indoors, according to new research.

# data[].attributes.body
Is a lunar eclipse harmful to pregnant women? This article shows that some women stay inside during the eclipse, while there is no actual proof that this is true.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There are superstitions which say if a pregnant women is exposed to the moon while an eclipse is underway then she is prone to harmful effects.

Superstition claims the eclipse can affect the wellbeing of the foetus, leading to physical deformity, cleft lips or birthmarks - but there is no scientific proof to validate this theory and there are no proven eclipse-related health concerns specific to pregnant women or their babies whatsoever.

Some cultures believe the harmful effects of an eclipse affect expecting women who are in the direct rays of the sun or moon while the eclipse is happening.

There are myths which say you should take extra precautions to protect your baby, these include staying indoors for the duration of the eclipse - despite there being no scientific validation.

The lunar eclipse lasts around 1 hour and 43 minutes, with the peak of the eclipse happening at 9.22pm BST in the UK.

Superstition dictates pregnant women during an eclipse should avoid knives and other sharp objects, get plenty of rest and not to cook during the eclipse and not to drink any water.

Aztecs believe a lunar eclipse was a result of a bite being taken out of the moon.

The idea translated into the Mexican superstition that if a pregnant women viewed an eclipse, a bite would be taken out of her unborn child's face.

Hindu text credits the eclipse to the head of the demon Rahu, who ate the moon or sun.

The total eclipse will last 1 hour, 42 minutes and 57 seconds, though a partial eclipse preceded and follows, meaning the moon will spend a total of 3 hours and 54 minutes in the earth's umbral shadow, according to NASA.

The fullest eclipse, at 2022 GMT, was visible from Europe, Russia, Africa, the Middle East, much of Asia and Australia though clouds blocked out the moon in some places.

Photographers charted the moon's rise across the world, from the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi to the Temple of Poseidon in Cape Sounion, near Athens.

In Nairobi, Kenyans watched as the moon darkened.

"This is what life is all about: Magical moments like this," said Teddy Muthusi as he watched from Uhuru Park in Nairobi. "It's just beautiful. It's well worth it."

On the banks of India's Ganges, temples were closed ahead of eclipse. In Singapore, enthusiasts watched through telescopes at the Marina South Pier. Hundreds of people in Australia paid to watch the eclipse from the Sydney Observatory before sunrise.

When the moon moved into the conical shadow of the earth, it went from being illuminated by the sun to being dark. Some light, though, still reaches it because it is bent by the earth's atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Eclipse 2018: Is a lunar eclipse harmful to pregnant women? - superstition DEBUNKED

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A LUNAR eclipse is captivating stargazers the world over as the moon passes through the centre of the Earth's shadow, but there are beliefs in many cultures an eclipse is harmful for pregnant women, but is there are any fact to this or is it complete nonsense?

# data[].attributes.body
This article shows how there may be a link between the full moon and bad behavior. Real people can determine full moons because their kids act crazier. Is it science or coincidence?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bad moon rising: is there a link between lunar phases and crime? | Wayne Petherick

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Researchers say that the intensity of moonlight can contribute to an escalation in criminal activity

# data[].attributes.body
Diagram on both Spring and neap tides, showing how the tide changes as the earth and moon rotate.

# data[].attributes.body
A solar eclipse diagram showing how the moon blocks the sun from a certain point on Earth.

# data[].attributes.body
A lunar eclipse diagram showing how the moon is behind Earth in its shadow.

# data[].attributes.body
The 8 phases of the moon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Space Science Tutorial: Spring and Neap Tides

# data[].attributes.body
neap tides homework

# data[].attributes.body
spring tidesdrawing

# data[].attributes.body
solar eclipse drawing

# data[].attributes.body
drawing of lunar eclipse

# data[].attributes.body
In my own words ::

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.body
In my own words ::

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.body
In my own words::

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.body
In my own words ::

# data[].attributes.body
drawing of phases of the moon in orbit

# data[].attributes.body
In my own words::