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Where does our electricity come from?
Electricity is mainly the type of energy we use in our homes.
Where does our electricity come from?
How much of our electricity comes from clean sources like wind and sun?Coal and oil are most often the main source of energy to power homes in the United States.These fuels are burned to heat water and produce steam. The problem is that the combustion of fuels like coal and petroleum produces carbon dioxide and other pollutants.But global warming is due to carbon dioxide which is a powerful greenhouse gas.

Why use renewable energy sources?
From the wind and the sun we can create energy but without carbon dioxide.
sun : To make electricity from sunlight, we use solar panels.
wind : To make electricity from the wind, we use wind turbines.

Coal :
After a man discovered coal in China, everyone wanted to get it, but for many years, only a few places with easy access to coal used it.But around the year 410 CE and the dark ages exceeded Europe, coal was almost forgotten.
Coal became popular again in the 1200s, particularly in London.

The Industrial Revolution:

Before the late 1600s, coal was mainly used for activities such as smelting and forging. (By hand)
But all that changed with the invention of the steam engine.
This big change was called the industrial revolution. It started in Britain. It has gradually spread over much of the rest of the world. It is no coincidence that Britain led the industrial revolution.

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Coral bleaching.
Coral, what's that?
A reef is a big group of racks on the ocean floor. A coral reef is actually alive and covered with very small animals called corals. These animals glue their tiny skeletons to rock, they stay in the same place their entire lives.
Coral reefs are very sensitive to light and temperature, they also don't like it when the ocean has too much pollution. Sometimes, storms can even upset coral. If coral reefs are under too much stress they can eject the algae living on them and turn completely white. It's coral bleaching. Corals can survive bleaching, but they do become more vulnerable to death however.
NASA recently developed some very sensitive instruments to study coral reefs from an airplane. The COral Reef Airborne Laboratory (CORAL) uses an instrument called the Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) to see the condition of reefs.

Ocean Scientist Studying Coral Reefs.
Eric Hochberg is ocean scientist who studying coral reefs. He was a Bachelor's degree in biology . But when he graduated from college, his life look an unexpected detour . Eric moved to Taiwan for 3 years and taught English as a second language. He went back to school for his advanced degree. Hawaï is where the world of oceanigraphy started to inspire him. As luck would have it, he saw an ad for a job called "Bermuda aquatic ecologistic/biologistic " and he applied. In his job, Eric get to ride around in boats and planes studying coral reefs. But usually he get to put an a snorkel and mask and dive in. Eric also conducts research, publishes articles or supervises a laboratory.

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1- What Can Trees Tell Us About Climate Change?

In the trunks of trees there are rings which allow the sencitifiques to determine the age of the tree and the past weather conditions.

The light rings represent the time spent in spring and summer, the dark rings represent the end of summer and fall.

One year is equivalent to a dark ring plus a light ring.

Scientists use an incremental driller and extract a strip from the tree.

Trees are sensitive to climatic conditions. The tighter the rings, the cooler and drier they are, the wider they are, the warmer and more humid they are.
Scientists need to use other sources, such as trees, corals.

Vocabulaire:

trunks = tronc
Ring = Anneau
incremental driller = instrument pour échantillon de l'arbre.

2- Coral bleaching? What's that?!

A reef is a group of rocks. it becomes coralians when small animals stick their skeletons on the rocks.

when the water temperature is normal and it is not polluted, the coral is healthy. if the water is too hot and the water pollution is too high, the coral ejects the barges and becomes white and therefore more fragile; Scientists knew a spectometer to see was reefs.

Vocabulaire :

reef = récif
barges = Algues
spectomètre = instrument permettant de vérifier l'état des coraux

3- What Is Ocean Acidification?

CO2 accidifies the oceans.
it is a greenhouse gas. When the ocean absorbs too much, it harms ocean life. Over the past 200 years, water has become more acidic. The ocean absorbs 50 billion tonnes of CO2, a quarter of the greenhouse gases.Some animals like this acidity, others do not. shelled animals need fresh water to make them. but they die if the water is too acidic because they can not create their shells.

Vocabulaire :
Greenhouse = gaz a effet de serre
harms = nuire
shelled = coquilles

4- 10 Interesting Things About Ecosystems :

- In the tropical forests of Ecuador are gathered the key ingredients to have more plants and trees (humidity + heat)

- To survive in the desert, you must save water. The earth is very dry and it rains very little. There is an ecosystem adapted to this climate like cactus which can survive without water for a long time because they store water.

- In the meadows, it rains moderately. it creates tall grass.
In the USA, bison and cows, and in Africa the Gazelles, lions and elephants feed on it.

- The tundra is a vast treeless land in the Arctic in the northern and southern emispheres. It covers 20% of the earth's surface and is frozen all the time. Polar bears, foxes and reindeer live.

- There are small volcanoes at the bottom of the ocean that spit out hot water, gas and chemicals like methane or ammonia. It is a very dark place but some animals love it like shrimp or clams.

- Swamps are wetlands of freshwater and / or saltwater. They are home to many plants, aquatic animals and insects.

The forests of Europe, Asia, North America are home to many trees because it is neither too hot nor too cold and there are seasons. There are two types of trees, conifers, needles and hardwoods.

- Cities also have their own ecosystems. Animals like raccoons, coyotes, opposomes and all kinds of birds and insects cohabit with men near houses and construction roads. people build bridges or tunnels so that animals can pass safely.

Vocabulaire :
gathered : regroupe
meadows : prairies
grass = herbe
shrimp = crevettes
clams = palourdes
Swamps = les marrais
wetlands = marécages
needles = aiguilles
hardwoods = feuillus

5- Why Does NASA Care About Food?

-NASA sattelites monitor the weather on Earth to help farmers know how to grow food and make sure there is enough to eat for everyone. Food is the fuel of Man, so it is very important.
Satellites help us monitor water damage (floods and drought), crop health and plan planting due to weather conditions.

-The oceans are an excellent source of food. They are very sensitive to climate change. When the climate changes, the oceans heat up. Satellites over the sea monitor temperature, weather, melting ice, currents, assess their health and help us understand it.

VOCABULAIRE
enough = suffisant
heat up = réchauffer
currents = les courants
assess = évaluer

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Interesting information about water

Water is essential for life on Earth. Water index to finding life on another planet.

all living things that live in the ocean or in a desert, they need water to survive

96.5% of the water on Earth is found in our oceans, covering 71% of the surface of our planet 68% of freshwater is trapped in glaciers there are also 30 percent found in groundwater and only 3.5% of the water is in our lakes and rivers.In the Antarctic you can find the saltiest lake in the world called Don Juan Pond.In a drop of seawater there can be a lot. There can be millions of bacteria and viruses.Water can come from comets.Comets are often made of water ice.To fill the ocean it would take a lot of comets.Human beings are mainly made of water.Babies consist 78% water and adults consist of 55 to 60% water.Humans need water because water is involved in almost everything they do.

What is the acidification of ocean

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that warms the Earth. The ocean absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide from our atmosphere. the oceans become acidic, which affects ocean life.Animals not support the acidity of water.For 200 years the ocean has become more acidic

Where is it the coldest between the Arctic and the Antarctic?

The Arctic (North Pole) and Antarctica (South Pole) receive very little sunlight, which is why it is so cold. But the South Pole is much colder than the North Pole.
During winter, the sun is so low that it does not rise at all for months. Days are like nights, cold and dark.In the Arctic it is 0 ° C in summer and in winter it is −40 ° C

how astrobiologists mersure sea level ?

NASA measures the water level with satellites. The water level changes every time. the sea level is high because the glaciers are melting due to the heat. Hot water takes up more space than cold water because hot water molecules expand so they take up more space
Satellites use an instrument called altima radar and use radio waves

astrobiologists=scientifique qui cherche de la vie sur d’autre planet

freshwater= eau douce

groundwater.=eau souterraines.

Greenhouse= effet de serre

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a)What is the greenhouse effect ?

The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere among wich there is CO2 trap the Sun's heat (to know more of gases that composed Atmosphere, go to the question d ). This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.

Humans are a very big impact on this process because they produce too much carbon dioxide. So, if there is too much CO2, there is too much sun’s heat trapped by CO2, and it’s too hot on the Earth.

b) 10 interesting things about air

-Air is composed of 21 % of oxygen and 79 % of nitrogen, but there isn’t only gas in the air. There is particules like pollen, sook, smoke and other particules of car exhaust and power plants too

-Air is important for living things because we need all to breathe.

Plants take in what we rejecte (carbon dioxide) and humans and animals take what the plants rejected (oxygen) .

- The carbon dioxide can be good and bad :

Plants need carbon dioxide to create food, and oxygen and that is good, but create large amounts of dioxide carbon like humans do with cars, planes and factorys it’s very bad because is the most important contributor to human-caused global warming.

-The air is humid so holds water

-In air there is pressure.

The higer you are in altitude, the less the pressure is important because there is less atmosphere pushing down on you.

-Air is a protective cushion. : the compisition of air wich ozone, keeping the Earth from getting too cold or too hot and can also protect us from meteroid.

- In Air, there is microbial organisms called bioaerosol. These microbes travel long distances trought air via wind, rain and even sneeze.

- Air is moving : it can move fast or far, it depend on the wind.

-Air pollution can ruin your outdoor plans. You can mesure air pollution with the AQI to find out if you can go out or not ;) .

c) What causes air pollution ?

The transportation of people and goods is a major cause of air pollution. Indeed, every day millions of people use their cars, their motorcycles, others travel by plane and the goods are transported by trucks and huge freighters. (boats).

But also the air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles.

You should know that the manufacture of clothes pollutes. So the more we buy clothes the more we destroy our planet

Conclusion: A lot of things generate pollution, and as humans gradually try not to pollute our planet and to preserve it.

d) Meet the greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases let sunlight pass through the atmosphere, but they prevent the heat that the sunlight brings from leaving the atmosphere.

The main greenhouse gases are:

Water vapor

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Ozone

Nitrous oxide

Chlorofluorocarbons

e) Why is carbon important?

Carbon is in carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that works to trap heat close to Earth. It helps Earth hold the energy it receives from the Sun so it doesn’t all escape back into space. If it weren’t for carbon dioxide, Earth’s ocean would be frozen solid.

Carbon forms the framework of all the organic molecules composing living beings, in association with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate and hydrogen, in particular.

It is through photosynthesis that the carbon present in the air in inorganic form - carbon dioxide (CO2, the famous greenhouse gas) - is captured by plants and transformed into organic matter. It is this organic form that allows herbivorous animals to manufacture the sugars, lipids and proteins that constitute them.

Other animals, including humans, also benefit, by consuming.

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To measure the height of the sea, scientists use a satelite named Jason-3. Every ten days it measures the distance separating it from the sea. It makes one rotation every ten days around the entire world and then starts again and again. It's job is to tell us how fast the sea goes up and how high.

Two things are causing the water to rise : one is that the climate is changing and the other thing is that hot water takes up more space than cold water.

Because of climate change the sea level has risen about 7 to 8 inches since 1900.

FUN FACTS :

The human body is 55-60 percent water.

Ice is lighter than water.

Water breaks the rules of gravity when it goes up the stem of a plant.

Water has three different states.

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For start, you have to know that Weather and Climate are different. The Weather is over few days or weeks while Climate is over 30 years or more.

How the Nasa know the temperature?

NASA use satellites and insurument for know the temperature of atmosphere, ocean, ice and Earth's land.

Instrument:

Scentific can know the Earth climate, they study insides of trees that have been alive since a long time ago. Then they use also sendiment cores and ice cores, this is a trick we use for take a part vertical of tree or ice. We puch the part of ice of tree that is inside the cores. And we can see different layer. With this we can know the Climate during.

Is the firt time that the Earth warm so faster and one of the reason of the global warming is the greenhouse. They reject gases. This gases name is CO². More CO² make the Earth warmer. This change have a bif impact on the plants and animal.

Satellite helps the scientist understand the relationship between melting glaciers and sea level rise.

With the global warming giant glaciers melt. When they melt they can corve deep grouves in the Earth. Glaciers cover 10 percent of the global Earth. The melt of the glaciers is very dangerous. Some villages are built on permafrost ( Ground that is freese long time ago ), and when is thawing is destroy villages, roads and infrastructures.

When permafrost thaw is released bacteria and virus who make people and animals very sick.

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facts about glaciers:

Fresh water is important to many living things on Earth. Glaciers contain around 69% of the world's fresh water. In fact, the water in your glass right now could have been inside a glacier!

The snow is white and the ice is often clear, but the glaciers are sometimes blue. Why? Snow and ice pack tightly under the weight of a glacier. Over time, this makes the snow very dense and removes air bubbles. This change causes dense ice in the glacier to absorb red light and reflect blue light

NASA is closely monitoring glaciers.

NASA's satellites and planes are constantly above the Earth, and they monitor icy regions in particular. For example, the IceBridge mission uses instruments on special aircraft to measure changes in the thickness of glaciers. And the data collected by the satellite helps scientists understand the relationship between the melting of glaciers and rising sea levels.

How do we know the climate is changing ?

We can't take Earth's temperature directly, but we do have a lot of information from weather stations, ocean buoys and remote sensing instruments. The information lets us see changes in climate.

Extra greenhouse gases in our atmosphere are the main reason that Earth is getting warmer. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, trap the Sun's heat in Earth's atmosphere.

It's normal for there to be some greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. They help keep Earth warm enough to live on. But too many greenhouse gases can cause too much warming.

The burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil increase the amount of CO2 in our air. This happens because the burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.

It's important that we monitor CO2 levels, because too much CO2 can cause too much warming on Earth. Several NASA missions have instruments that study CO2 in the atmosphere

Why does it matter that Earth's Climate is changing?

Over millions of years, Earth's climate has warmed up and cooled down many times. However, today the planet is warming much faster than it has over human history

One-and-a-half degrees may not seem like much. However, this change can have big impacts on the health of Earth's plants and animals

What can trees tell us about climate change?

The tree has rings that can tell us how old the tree is and what the weather was like during each year of the tree's life. The light-colored rings represent the wood that grew in the spring and early summer, while the dark rings represent the wood that grew in the late summer and fall. A light ring plus a dark ring is equivalent to one year of life for the tree.
The trees are sensitive to local climatic conditions, such as rain and temperature, they provide scientists with information about the climate. For example, tree rings generally widen in hot, humid years and are thinner in cold and dry years. If the tree has experienced stressful conditions, such as drought, the tree could barely grow during these years.

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What’s the difference between weather and climate?
When you look out the windows you’re seeing what the weather's like today.Weather is only temporary.Climate describes the typical weather conditions in are entire regions for a very long time What is Permafrost?
Permafrost is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight. These permanently frozen grounds are most common in regions with high mountains and in Earth’s higher latitudes.Permafrost covers large regions of the Earth. Almost a quarter of the land area in the Northern Hemisphere has permafrost underneath. Although the ground is frozen, permafrost regions are not always covered in snow.
What is Permafrost made of? Permafrost is made of a combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice. The soil and ice in permafrost stay frozen all year long.Lower permafrost layers contain soils made mostly of minerals. A layer of soil on top of permafrost does not stay frozen Wall year. This layer, called the active layer, thaws during the warm summer months and freezes again in the fall. In colder regions, the ground rarely thaws—even in the summer. There, the active layer is very thin—only 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters). In warmer permafrost regions, the active layer can be several meters thick.

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par groupe de 2 si vous pouvez communiquer à distance ou seul, aller sur le site ci-dessous, choisir une catégorie parmi
-weather & climate
-atmosphere
-water
-energy
-plants & animals
pour chaque thème il y 5 parties à traiter. Il faudra explorer chaque partie puis rédiger une synthèse  que vous posterez dans la colonne ci-contre. Attention n'oubliez pas de préciser vos/votre prénom.
Même si certains termes ou expressions peuvent être réutilisés, il ne s'agit pas de faire des copier/coller ou passer par google trad pour rédiger en français puis traduire. L'objectif n'est de tout comprendre en traduisant mot à mot, (ce serait trop long et fastidieux!)mais de réutiliser la méthodologie de la compréhension écrite pour vous entraîner au skimming, c'est à dire la capacité de parcourir le plus rapidement possible un texte long pour en extraire les informations essentielles.
Enfin il faudra relever l'ensemble des termes /vocabulaire technique ou propre à la science et environnement pour faire un glossaire anglais/français comme on l'avait fait en début d'année.

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Climate Kids is produced by the Earth Science Communications Team at

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Before to start, explain what is water. Water is a chemical substance very important for the human life and she represents 71% of the Earth’s surface.

Now, i will explain how the NASA measures sea level.

The NASA use a satellite named Jason-13 who use radio waves and other instruments to measure the sea level. Jason-13 make this every ten days. Why the NASA measures the sea level ? Because sea level is one of the best sign of global warming. Heat is why the sea level rise and the heat is due to global warming. Due to rising sea levels, land disappears, flooded and it’s why the NASA measures sea level.

Secondly, what is the ocean acidification ?

The ocean acidification is a result of carbon dioxide. Indeed, carbon dioxide is gas presents in our atmosphere and, the carbon dioxide, traps the sun’s heat to warming earth. But the ocean acidification is dangerous for the life presents in oceans.

In the past 200 years, ocean has become too much acidic because he absorbed, in 200 years, 500 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere ! And much of this carbon dioxide is the result of humans burning of fossil fuels.

In the oceans, lot of creatures presents in these oceans doesn’t like the acidification. Take Elkhorn corals. There are very important for building coral reefs in the shallow waters and there are home for many fishes. But the acidification of the oceans kills them and kills homes for fishes and corals.

Speaking of coral, what’s the coral bleaching ?

The coral bleaching is the result of stress of corals. This stress is due of many things : storms, pollution, light or temperature. The corals are very sensible to the light and the temperature of ocean where they’re live. And when they are very stressed, the corals eject algae that live on them. This ejection makes the corals white which makes them weaker and then, they’re much more likely to die. That is the coral bleaching.

NASA has recently developped some sensitives instruments to study coral reefs. She uses an airplane who flying above the oceans. The CORAL ( The COral Reef Airborne Laboratory ) uses an instrument named PRISM to see the condition of reefs and to measure the amounts of coral, sand on the ocean floor and algae.

Then, i will talk about Eric Hochberg.

Eric Hochberg is ocean scientist who studying coral reefs. Before make this work, Eric had obtained a Bachelor’s degree in biology. But, after this Bachelor, Eric moved to Taïwan and he became an english professor. When he moved in Los Angeles, he saw an ad for a job named « Bermuda aquatic ecologist/biologist » and he apllied.

His job is to do data analysis and logistics for The COral Reef Airborne Laboratory but it can also conduct research, publish articles or supervise a laboratory. Often, he puts on his clothes and all his diving equipment and goes into the water.

In last time, i will present ten interisting things about water.

First, water could be the key to finding life. The astrobiologists think our best bet to find the life on a other planet, is to search a planet with water. Because the water made life possible on Earth, so she can made life on a other planet ?

Secondly, almost all Earth’s water is in the oceans. In fact, 96.5 % of the Earth’s water is in the oceans and this oceans recovering 71% of the surface of Earth. And, another thing, 0,001 % of water is present in the atmosphere !

Most of freshawter is in ice ! The freshwater is just 3.5 % of water present on Earth. But, the freshwater is on AND under the surfaces of the Earth. We can find freshwater in the lakes, in the rivers or in the glaciers and the undergroundwater.

The amount of salt in salt water varies. You should know that, in a gallon of average ocean water, there is 1 cup of salt. But it varies. In the major part of salt present in oceans, is the same kind of salt we use for eat. In the world, the saltiest water is present in a small lake named Don Juan Pond, in Antartica .

In one drop of water, there can be millions of bacterias and viruses ! Also, there can be egg fish eggs, baby crabs, plankton or small worms !

Some Earth’s water may have come from comets. Earth was formed by a rocky material who contained water. But this water is not all the water we can see today. You should know that comets are mostly water ice. So it’s possible that comets made regular water deliveries on Earth.

Ice floats and it’s anormal. Most of the time, when solids form, they are denser and it’s why most solids sink in water. BUT, ice is less dense and int’s anormal. Why the ice float ? Because, the water molecules form rings when waters freezes and all that space makes ice less dense. It’s why ice floats.

Our bodies are mostly water ! You should know that a newborn baby is 78% water and an adult is 55-60 % water. We are very dependent on water because it helps us regulate our body temperature, It acts as a shock absorber for our brain and spinal cord.

In plant, water defies gravity ! Water has an amazing characteristic, it’s sticky ! And it’s why water forms round droplets. This stickness helps get water from the roots of plants up to the leaves. Water defies gravity in plants because she never fall, she’s always coming up.

The last thing, is that we see water in three different form. Water is the only substance that can be seen in three different forms: solids, liquid, gas. Why ? because all the other substances have too high melting and freezing points and that will kill us

Vocabulary :

Chemical substance = Substance chimique

Satellite = Satellite

Radio waves = ondes radios

Measure = Mesurer (verbe)

Sea level = le niveau de la mer

Heat = chaleur

Rising = la montée

Carbon dioxide = Dioxyde de carbone

Gas = Gaz

Atmosphere = Atmosphère

Ocean acidification = L’acidification de l’océan

Fossil fuels = combustibles fossiles (pétrole, …)

Creatures = Créatures

Coral reefs = Récif de coraux

Coral bleaching = Blanchissement des coraux

Weaker = faible

Airplane = Avion

Above = au-dessus

Ocean scientist = Océanologue

Studying = étudie (verbe)

Obtained = obtenir (verbe)

Bachelor = Baccalauréat

Aquatic ecologist = écologiste

Biologist = biologiste

Analysis = analyse

Logistics = logistique

Research = Receherche

Laboratory = Laboratoire

Astrobiologist = astrobiologiste

Freshwater = Eau douce

Ice = glace

Lakes = lacs

Rivers= rivières

Glaciers = Glaciers

Undergoundwater = eau sous-terraine

Bacterias = bactéries

Viruses = Virus

Plankton = plancton

Comets = comètes

Rocky material = matériaux rocheux

Ice floats = Glace flottante

Solids = solides

Denser = Dense

Sink = Couler (verbe)

Float = Flotter (verbe)

Molecules = Molécules

Freezes = Glacé (verbe)

Gravity = Gravité

Droplets = gouttes