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-Sexual Selection: natural selection due to preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex; this results in the individuals with those preferred traits being more successful in passing on their genes through reproduction

-Artificial Selection: intentional breeding for certain characteristics

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-Batesian mimicry: the ability to physically resemble a different organism to benefit from the mistaken identity. The wasp moth (left) harmless looks similar to the dangerous wasp (right)

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-The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is a very real health problem in countries with easy access to antibiotics.

-Bacteria can develop a resistance to antibiotics leading to “superbugs”

-Native Australian marsupials have evolved and adapted to our native Australian plants. Due to evolution and natural selection our native marsupials have grown up eating gastrolobium plants, these plants contain the same compound as the poison used to control the introduced species population (poison 1080).

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Selection:
-Adaptation: a genetic trait that is advantageous to survival and has evolved by natural selection.

-The species with the most advantageous trait will survive over other species with less favourable traits.

Speciation:
-Formation of separate species (that were once the same) due to selection pressures.

-Examples: competition and isolation

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Isolation:
-Physical isolation: continental drift, earthquake, volcanic eruption, development of mountain ranges or drying out rivers.

-Can lead to speciation.
Competition:
-Different species who share a local area are in competition for resources.

-The ecosystem may not be sufficient to support all species.

-Limited resources poses selection pressures on those competing species and can help lead to speciation.

-Selection pressures: the driving force that organisms with a particular favours characteristic over those without.

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Sexually Reproducing Species:
-Greater variation.

-Reproduce via the fusion of two genetically different gametes.

-Variation within meiosis:

-Mutations during interphase (DNA replication)

-Crossing-over during prophase I

-Homologous chromosomes are aligned and randomly selected during anaphase I.

-Offspring have a unique set of DNA
Asexually Reproducing Species:
-Minimal variation

-Reproduce via mitosis

-Produces identical offspring.

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-Can arise by the process of natural selection.

-There needs to be:

-Variation within a species

-Isolation and competition

uSelection and speciation

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-The Theory of evolution is based on the following assumptions:

-Variation exists in populations

-More offspring are produced than can possibly survive to reproduce in a population.

- In the struggle for survival, those organisms better suited to their environment survive in greater numbers than those less suited.

-Surviving organisms breed and pass on the genes that helped them survive to the next generation.

-Over time, the population is dominated by those organisms with the genes best suited to surviving in the current environment.

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Describe how homology supports the idea that species have changed over time (with examples).

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Describe how homology supports the idea that species have changed over time (with examples).

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Justify or refute this statement: ‘Australians have a responsibility to conserve their unique species’.

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Justify or refute this statement: ‘Australians have a responsibility to conserve their unique species’.

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yes, it is our responsibility because we introduced the species

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Compare and contrast absolute and relative dating of fossils.

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Compare and contrast absolute and relative dating of fossils.

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Relative dating is the age of a rock layer (or the fossils it contains) compared to other layers. It can be determined by looking at the position of rock layers. Absolute dating is the numeric age of a layer of rocks or fossils. Absolute age can be determined by using radiometric dating

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Should we use genetic technology to bring back extinct species? Discuss your point of view.

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Should we use genetic technology to bring back extinct species? Discuss your point of view.

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Yes we should because we could bring back rare animals, but they should start on something same and then they can work towards something bigger, like dinosaurs.

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Deduce why fossils of soft organisms, such as jellyfish, are extremely rare.

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Deduce why fossils of soft organisms, such as jellyfish, are extremely rare.

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They are extremely rare because they have no bones or other hard parts to turn into fossils. Instead, scientists have to look for so-called "soft fossils," when organisms are quickly buried in sediment, leaving an imprint in the rock.

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-Bioinformatics: applies statistics to biological molecules.

-Is used to compare structural and developmental patterns at molecular levels. Example: nucleotides, amino acid sequences and protein structure between extant and extinct species.

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-The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms.

-Homology: a structural or developmental similarity based on descent from common ancestors. Example: mammals and amphibians have four limbs.

-Homologous Structures: body parts that are similar because the species have evolved from a common ancestors. Example:

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-Extinction: is the death of all members of one species.

-There is evidence of five mass extinctions since life began on Earth. A variety of pressures, including human actions, can lead to species extinction.

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-Absolute Dating: the process of determining the age of a material by measuring the, rate of decay (half-life) of radioactive isotopes, in the surrounding rocks.

-Carbon-14: half-life of 5700 years

-Uranium-235: half-life of 704 million years

-Relative dating: the process of determining the order of past events.

uRelative dating cannot determine the age of fossils and rocks; it can only determine whether they are older, younger or the same age as fossils and rocks found near them.

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-Any evidence of an organism from a former geological time

It is extremely rare for any nutrients to escape the recycling of matter in food webs.

-When large organisms die, they are normally dispersed or eaten by scavengers.

-Soft-bodied organisms cannot be fossilised, so they leave no trace.

-Plant remains, such as fallen trees, are decomposed by fungi and bacteria.

-Usually only a few hard parts remain, such as exoskeletons and teeth.

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Genetic change in a population over time, shown by changes in physical or other characteristics.

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Evolution: The process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Extinction: The state or process of being or becoming extinct.
Fossil: The remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form.
Organism: An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
Species: A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only.
Sexual Reproduction: the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

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How much variation would you expect to see in a species where very large numbers of offspring are produced by asexual reproduction?

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How much variation would you expect to see in a species where very large numbers of offspring are produced by asexual reproduction?

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No much- as off springs are identical to parents.

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In paragraph 1 the term evolutionary selection is used. Try to explain what this means.

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In paragraph 1 the term evolutionary selection is used. Try to explain what this means.

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Evolutionary selection is known for its ruthless efficiency, which allows them to exist.
Natural selection, evolves and changes over time to adapt to environment change.

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Does the evidence cited suggest there is more benefit to a species to reproduce asexually or sexually? Use information in the article to defend your answer. 

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Does the evidence cited suggest there is more benefit to a species to reproduce asexually or sexually? Use information in the article to defend your answer. 

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sexually- more variation, organisms ca adapt better through natural selection.

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stronger gene pool.
Population more suited to environment.
more variation in the population.

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Explain what is meant by sexual selection?

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Explain what is meant by sexual selection?

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Sexual selection helps species to ward off diseases and avoid extinction.
Production of offsprings from the most attractive male/female -Strength of their genes

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What disadvantage of sexual reproduction was cited by one of the scientists?

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What disadvantage of sexual reproduction was cited by one of the scientists?

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Competition between males.
Less efficient at producing larger numbers.

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What is the advantage to have a species when very large numbers of off-springs are produced?

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What is the advantage to have a species when very large numbers of off-springs are produced?

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more competition to find a mates, leads to stronger off springs. More chance of species survival.

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Do humans share genes with every-living organism on earth

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Do humans share genes with every-living organism on earth

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-Charles Darwin theory of evolution.
-Same environment.
-We share common ancestors.

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Why do Australian animals differ from African animals? 

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Why do Australian animals differ from African animals? 

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-Different environments.
-Different predators and prey available.
-Different appetites.
-They have different surroundings.
-They come from different habitats/climates.

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-No, animals are always becoming stronger and better suited.
-When species become extinct.
-No, because ur environment is always changing and we develop to adapt to our environment.

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Why have some species become extinct, when other have not

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Why have some species become extinct, when other have not

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-Adaption to environment.
-Their position on the food chain.
-Amount of breeding.
-Hunting and eating.
-Natural disasters and global warming.
-Pollution.
-Population growth.
-Natural selection.
-Human impact.
-Type of environment.
-Food available.

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- Species evolving and changing overtime .
-Process of an organism adapting to become stronger and a better version of itself.

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What do fossils have to do with evolution?

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What do fossils have to do with evolution?

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-To show where organisms have lived.
-Shows how organisms have changed over time.
-Piece of evidence that determines the development of characteristics, age of fossils and preserve traces of animals, plants, etc and how they have changed.