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- Forced to assimilate in American culture because the Buffalo were hunted to extinction

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- Group of workers whom try to cut down hours and better wages
- Work for better working conditions

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- Steel king
- Integrated every phase of his steel-making operation - Ships, railroads, etc. pioneered "Vertical Integration"
- His goal was to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middle man

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- Big business controlled by Carnegie
- 1870's-1880's: Steel grew to dominate metals industry
- Important to the development of railroads and urban construction*
- Bessemer process/Hewitt's open hearth led to great quantities and large dimensions of steel being produced
- Led to the development of new blast furnaces, new transportation systems (such as heavier and larger freighters to carry materials) and the emergence of Petroleum Industry (b/c its need for lubrication for its machines... Bissell founded commercial value of petroleum)

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- The McCormick Reaper: One machine can do work for five men, and it would take wheat, corn, or barley out of the ground
- The Mechanical Threshing Machine: Separated wheat, beans, and other small grains and seed crops from their chaff/straw
- Better technology = Increase of production

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Frederick Jackson Turner's *Frontier Thesis* 

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Frederick Jackson Turner's *Frontier Thesis* 

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- Frederick Jackson Turner believed that the strength and the vitality of the America identity lay in its land and vast frontier

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- The new machines could produce a lot of raw materials but they couldn't be sold for a lower price because it was a surplus

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- created by shareholders who have limited liability function on the selling of stocks because of many reasons

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- Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30
- Instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm
- Turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation
- Many farms were failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

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- government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities

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- He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks
- He bought out Carnegie
- In 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation

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- Reserved lands for Native Americans to live in after settlers and the US gov. pushed them out of their home lands for natural resources or desire to settle
- Squeezed many tribes together in one land, causing issues and violence between them

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- One of the most powerful industrues at the time that was backed up by the

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A name for the late 1800's coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the vulgar lifestyles it allowed the very rich

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- Tax on imports that aim to protect domestic industry
- Make imported goods cost more than their own states' goods
- Discouraged trade with other countries

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- The national system for trading equities in the United States
- The System includes all the facilities and entities which are used by broker-dealers to fulfill trade orders for securities

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- economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than businesses and industries

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- "Haymarket Riot"
+ Fought for better wages and better working conditions
+ Anarchist threw a bomb at police trying to stop the riot
* Killed seven police and injured some
+ created hate and tensions between unions and population
+ Knights of Labor membership decreased

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- This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population
- Welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans
- Were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements
- Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked

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- The act of bringing into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group, nation, or the like; adapt or adjust

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- In 1862
- "Land grants" are given to colleges for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural

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- Formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country
- Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy

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- This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests
- It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes
- Stressed solidarity

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-  founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States

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- Serious economic depression beginning in 1893
- Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures
- Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930's

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- Open to all workers: women, African Americans, immigrants
- No skill requirement and no uniform trade requirement

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- The rich got richer
- Poverty rates grew as the gap increased and industrial work moved oversea

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- The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866
- The A.F.L. quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United State
- They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members
- It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO ECONOMIC.

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- when company gains control over other companies that produce same product
- Ex. Rockefeller Standard Oil

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- wrote about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty

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- higher wages, less hours, better working conditions = goals of workers

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- a belief that encompasses the idea that those that were rich were rich and those that were poor were poor due to the natural selection of the social class and society
- those who believed were in support of

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- generally smaller and more restricted, as well as exclusive to mainly white men
- organized based on skill level

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- 1868
- Citizenship given to ex-slaves
- Three-fifths clause abolished
- Leading ex-Confederates denied office
- An example: Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans
- Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation

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- John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age
- By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US
- It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the U.S. - By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies

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-  a bitterly fought labor dispute
- workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest proposed wage cut

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- You have two products, you give one product to your neighbor because everyone shares everything for the better of society (theoretical)
- You have two products, government takes both products, and distributes you the product/what you need  (practical)
- Identifies owners as means to production, and laborers as own production

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- 1887
- Dismantled American Indian tribes
- Set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres
- Tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians
- Attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

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- came from many countries b/c US was land of economic opportunity

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- Completed in 1869 in  Promontory, Utah
- Linked the Eastern railroad to the rest of the nation's railroads
- Easier to mail/ship goods from coast to coast
- Land was taken away from the Native Americans and many were killed

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- an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich
- The central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them

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- Occurs when a company owns both the production and distribution (sending out/moving or sale of product)

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- A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire
- In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger

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- Known by the sobriquet Commodore
- Was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping

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- consolidate economic power via integral integration
+ Vertical integration
+ Horizontal integration
+ Interlocking directorates

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- combo of multiple businesses or monopolies, often within the same industries