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Part of Schaffer's and Emerson's Study on the stages of attachment, multiple attachments is when a baby starts to form "Secondary Attachments" which is people that they are familiar with that is not their primary caregiver. Stage 4 usually happens around a month after stage 3 (Forming a specific attachment)

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A form of distress when infants are exposed to strangers and are away from their caregivers.

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characteristics that elicit caregiving

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Secure attachment to primary caregiver, uses them as a secure base and can be easily comforted by them.

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Bowlby said that a child should receive the continuous care of this single most important attachment figure for approximately the first two years of life. If the attachment figure is broken or disrupted during the critical two year period, the child will suffer irreversible long-term consequences of this maternal deprivation.  This risk continues until the age of five. Bowlby used the term maternal deprivation to refer to the separation or loss of the mother as well as failure to develop an attachment.

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Sexual imprinting is a mating preference which is affected by primary attachments.

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Insecure avoidant children don't orientate to their behaviour towards their attachment figure while investigating the environment.They are very independent both physically and emotionally. They do not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed. Such children are likely to have a caregiver who is insensitive and rejecting of their needs

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If a behaviour has consequences (positive/negative reinforcement) then it is likely to be repeated. If it has unpleasant consequences then it is unlikely to be repeated. There are 3 different types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

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Time carergivers spend away from infants adds up over time. More contact throughout infants life means a more secure attachment is formed

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When an infant is separated from their primary caregiver, this can lead them to feel anxious or distressed. They could be shown in tantrums or crying.

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Cultural variations within attachment refers to the differences in child rearing practices across the globe.

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Part of Schaffer's and Emerson's study on the stages of attachment, indiscriminate Attachment is when a child starts showing a preference towards adults. They do not show any signs of stranger anxiety or separation anxiety.
Stage 2 is usually within the 2-7 months after birth but can differ between babies.

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Between 0-2months infants are happy around humans and objects equally.

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When someone feels distressed/upset because they have been momentarily moved away from a person or thing they are attached to.

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every separation has an affect and all add up to have a lasting affect

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when a child and caregiver perform actions in unison

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Classical conditioning is learning through association, so two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

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Reciprocity is where an infant responds to the actions of another person. With reciprocity the actions of one person (e.g. the mother) elicits a response from the other (e.g. the infant).

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Constant interaction between a caregiver and child.

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t around 7 months a child will form a specific attachment to a primary attachment figure and will experience stranger anxiety and distress from this specific adult.

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the child will explore little and is often wary of strangers, even when the caregiver is present

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These are characteristics that elicit care giving. These could be smiling, crying etc.

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A place to stay for a long period of time that is not a home e.g. hospital, prison. often institutions do not provide the same level of emotional care as a home environment. (Romanian orphans)

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Having lacked something since birth. For example the Romanian orphans experienced privation as they never experienced emotional care.

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Suggests a child has an innate need to form a primary attachment to one main figure. The attachment formed is a vital and close bond with just one attachment figure. Failure to initiate, or a breakdown of the primary attachment would lead to serious negative consequences, possibly including affectionless psychopathy.