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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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Some symptoms may include-

Burning stomach pain

Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching

Fatty food intolerance

Heartburn

Nausea

Vomiting or vomiting blood — which may appear red or black

Dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry

Trouble breathing

Feeling faint

Nausea or vomiting

Unexplained weight loss

Appetite changes

Affected parts of the body-
Stomach/stomach lining
Small intestine
Esophagus
Mouth
Leg/Ankles
Genitals

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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pain on the right-hand side of the body, just below the ribs

back pain between the shoulder blades

pain in the right shoulder

nausea

vomiting

sweating

restlessness

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A peptic ulcer is a sore that forms when digestive juices wear away the lining of the digestive system. A peptic ulcer can occur in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or lower part of the esophagus. Symptoms can include indigestion-like pain, nausea, and weight loss.

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The type of treatment usually depends on what caused the peptic ulcer. Treatment will focus on either lowering stomach acid levels so that the ulcer can heal, or eradicating the H. pylori infection.

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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Signs and symptoms that are common to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis include:

Diarrhea

Fever and fatigue

Abdominal pain and cramping

Blood in your stool

Reduced appetite

Unintended weight loss

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Poor appetite, diarrhea, and poor digestion of nutrients can make it hard for people with inflammatory bowel disease to get the calories and nutrients the body needs. Children with IBD should eat a variety of foods, get plenty of fluids, and learn to avoid foods that make symptoms worse.

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If a gallstone blocks the opening to that duct, digestive enzymes can become trapped in the pancreas and cause an extremely painful inflammation called gallstone pancreatitis. If any of these ducts remain blocked for a significant period of time, severe damage or infections can occur, affecting the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.

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anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease the inflammation

immunosuppressive agents to prevent the immune system from causing further inflammation

biologic agents to block proteins that cause inflammation

nutrition therapy to give the bowel a chance to heal

Surgery may be necessary if:

the bowel gets a hole

the bowel becomes blocked

bleeding can't be stopped

symptoms don't respond to treatment

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What are the Current Medical Treatments?

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What are the Current Medical Treatments?

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Cholecystectomy means the surgical removal of the gallbladder. This is usually performed with keyhole surgery. Keyhole surgery is not possible for about 10 percent of people who need open cholecystectomy. They will have open surgery instead. For a large proportion of those who undergo a cholecystectomy, gallstones come back within a year. To help prevent this, many people with gallstones are given ursosdeoxycholic acid, which is the acid found in bile.

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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Some symptoms may include:
-extreme weight loss
-fatigue
-insomnia
-loss of weight
-dry or yellowish skin
-thinning hair
-dehydration
-low blood pressure
-intolerance of cold
(and more!)

Affected parts of the body:
-can lead to kidney problems
-osteoporosis (bone loss)
-heart problems
-gastrointestinal problems
-electrolyte abnormali

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This disorder is from people restricting their diets. By not eating, they are denying themselves many macro nutrients that they need to function properly. Due to lack of calories, people do not obtain enough energy from food.

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Treatment is generally done using a team approach. Ongoing therapy and nutrition education are heavily used.  In severe cases, people may require feeding through a tube that's placed in their nose and goes to the stomach (nasogastric tube).
-People supervise the calorie intake and weight gain
-help develop behavioral strategies to gain back to a healthy weight
-people might get prescribed antidepressants.

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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What is the Physiology of the Condition?

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Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include:

A persistent change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool

Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool

Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain

A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely

Weakness or fatigue

Unexplained weight loss

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Colon cancer affects the body by preventing adequate passage of stool or causing disruption in the absorption of nutrients and water. It may cause pain in your abdomen, which causes you to eat less and lose weight. If enough blood is passed through your stools, blood tests may reveal anemia or low hemoglobin levels. You may notice fatigue. If colon cancer spreads to other areas of your body, you may develop symptoms related to that spread. If it has spread to your bones, you may have bone pain in that region. If you are having difficulties with urination, it may be affecting your bladder or, in men, your prostate.

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What are the Current Medical Treatments?

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What are the Current Medical Treatments?

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Treatment will depend on several factors, including the size, location, and stage of the cancer, whether or not it is recurrent, and the current overall state of health of the patient

Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153981.php

https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3537

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ibd.html

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https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-ulcers#6

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9273.php

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Overview

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa - often simply called anorexia - is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat. They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics or enemas. They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to fear weight gain.

Anorexia isn't really about food. It's an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth.

Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over your life and can be very difficult to overcome. But with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse some of anorexia's serious complications.

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Symptoms

The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

It may be difficult to notice signs and symptoms because what is considered a low body weight is different for each person, and some individuals may not appear extremely thin. Also, people with anorexia often disguise their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.

Physical symptoms

Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia may include:

Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains

Thin appearance

Abnormal blood counts

Fatigue

Insomnia

Dizziness or fainting

Bluish discoloration of the fingers

Hair that thins, breaks or falls out

Soft, downy hair covering the body

Absence of menstruation

Constipation and abdominal pain

Dry or yellowish skin

Intolerance of cold

Irregular heart rhythms

Low blood pressure

Dehydration

Swelling of arms or legs

Eroded teeth and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting

Some people who have anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia. But people with anorexia generally struggle with an abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms

Behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by:

Severely restricting food intake through dieting or fasting

Exercising excessively

Bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products

Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include:

Preoccupation with food, which sometimes includes cooking elaborate meals for others but not eating them

Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat

Denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating

Eating only a few certain "safe" foods, usually those low in fat and calories

Adopting rigid meal or eating rituals, such as spitting food out after chewing

Not wanting to eat in public

Lying about how much food has been eaten

Fear of gaining weight that may include repeated weighing or measuring the body

Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws

Complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat

Covering up in layers of clothing

Flat mood (lack of emotion)

Social withdrawal

Irritability

Insomnia

Reduced interest in sex

When to see a doctor

Unfortunately, many people with anorexia don't want treatment, at least initially. Their desire to remain thin overrides concerns about their health. If you have a loved one you're worried about, urge her or him to talk to a doctor.

If you're experiencing any of the problems listed above, or if you think you may have an eating disorder, get help. If you're hiding your anorexia from loved ones, try to find a person you trust to talk to about what's going on.

Causes

The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it's probably a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

Biological. Although it's not yet clear which genes are involved, there may be genetic changes that make some people at higher risk of developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance - all traits associated with anorexia.

Psychological. Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which causes them to think they're never thin enough. And they may have high levels of anxiety and engage in restrictive eating to reduce it.

Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to be thin, particularly among young girls.

Risk factors

Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However, boys and men have increasingly developed eating disorders, possibly related to growing social pressures.

Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. Still, people of any age can develop this eating disorder, though it's rare in those over 40. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They may also face increased peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.

Certain factors increase the risk of anorexia, including:

Genetics. Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. Those with a first-degree relative - a parent, sibling or child - who had the disorder have a much higher risk of anorexia.

Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.

Transitions. Whether it's a new school, home or job; a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia.

Complications

Anorexia can have numerous complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may occur suddenly - even when someone is not severely underweight. This may result from abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or an imbalance of electrolytes - minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in your body.

Other complications of anorexia include:

Anemia

Heart problems, such as mitral valve prolapse, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure

Bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing the risk of fractures

Loss of muscle

In females, absence of a period

In males, decreased testosterone

Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea

Electrolyte abnormalities, such as low blood potassium, sodium and chloride

Kidney problems

If a person with anorexia becomes severely malnourished, every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.

In addition to the host of physical complications, people with anorexia also commonly have other mental health disorders as well. They may include:

Depression, anxiety and other mood disorders

Personality disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Alcohol and substance misuse

Self-injury, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts

Prevention

There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians and internists) may be in a good position to identify early indicators of anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown illness. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments.

If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe dieting habits and dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier behavior or treatment options.

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Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight.

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598.php

https://www.sharecare.com/health/colon-cancer/how-colon-cancer-affect-body

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Long Term Side Effects of Anorexia, Bulimia and Eating Disorders

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Eating disorders are complex mental health disorders that occur in many different forms, including anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder and eating disorders not otherwise specified. While each type of eating disorder has its own set of associated symptoms, all types of eating disorders have the potential to cause long-term damage to the body's organs.