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My son also adopted Nigela ... in the future they will still talk about it both

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Contribution to the design of the Red List of Vascular Flora in Continental Portugal.

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Contribution to the design of the Red List of Vascular Flora in Continental Portugal.

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Contribution to the design of the Red List of Vascular Flora in Continental Portugal.

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Comparing the various business plans to protect endangered plants, I found that many colleagues did not mention any, but I saw some similarity to the project of colleague Pedro Oliveira.

Whatever the project, I do not think it should be restricted to just one kind of plant.

My idea, besides being based on the good will and organization of the teachers and parents, promotes the taste, interest, respect, knowledge of both the plants and the surrounding area.

As children grow up in this environment, they develop positive attitudes, they enjoy better the surrounding space: botanic garden, cold greenhouses, forest parks ... spaces that they are sure to want to continue to enjoy, study, socialize, date, play and share.

The plants, the gardens ... can be studied not only on the internet but live and color, with good smell!
The theme can be voted with the participants and we can discover fantastic things, such as knowing that the European tree of the year 2018 is the "whistler" cork oak! We value what we have and we are more willing to preserve this heritage!

I learned a lot from this challenge and I think I did an excellent job.

Until the next step!

Tours in the Serra da Arrábida - discovering the flora and respecting nature

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comparison between my PlantArea and that of the other colleagues

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comparison between my PlantArea and that of the other colleagues

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There are many similarities between the PlantAreas as we all deal with the same themes but I can more positively highlight the work of our colleague Helena Pires, who encouraged not only my family but also other colleagues, to participate in workshops, lectures and sponsorship of endangered plants. Only my family sponsored three! Thanks friend.

The differences between PlantÁreas exist mainly in the plants of their area. Each climate, each terrain, has its characteristics, but with more diversity, one also learns more and becomes more interesting.

In the photo is my friend Helena Pires with the trainer Fernanda Botelho in a workshop that I participated with my daughters

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The 2018 European Tree is a Portuguese "whistler" cork oak

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The 2018 European Tree is a Portuguese "whistler" cork oak

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The Portuguese tree won the 8th edition of the European competition, which was attended by 13 countries. More than a beautiful tree, one looked for a tree with history and connected to the community. And this the Portuguese cork tree has
The Ocher Whistler of the village of Aguas de Moura, in the municipality of Palmela, was distinguished in a competition that involved another 12 trees from different European countries. The distinction was announced late in the afternoon at a ceremony in the European Parliament in Brussels after an online vote in February and had about 200,000 votes. In second and third place were Spanish elm trees and a Russian oak, respectively.

https://www.publico.pt/2018/03/21/ciencia/noticia/a-arvore-europeia-de-2018-e-um-sobreiro-assobiador-portugues-1807535

They call the Whistler the largest and oldest cork oak in the world. The name derives from the sound originated by the numerous songbirds that land among its rameters, more than 14 meters high. The oldest and most productive cork oak in the world is the Whistler, in Aguas de Moura, in the Alentejo. Planted in 1783, this cork oak is more than 14 meters high and 4.15 meters perimeter of the trunk. Since 1820, it has been discarded more than twenty times. In 1991, its corking resulted in 1200 kg of cork, more than the production recorded by most cork oaks throughout its life. Only this extraction gave rise to more than 100,000 corks.

https://www.vortexmag.net/assobiador-o-sobreiro-mais-antigo-do-mundo/

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The Estufa Fria of Lisbon is one of the most important green spaces in the city. Authentic living museum, it is one of the ex libris of Lisbon, being one of the places most visited by students and tourists. Originally thought of as a shelter for plants, the Estufa Fria de Lisboa is one of the most pleasant green spaces in the capital, where you can enjoy pleasant moments among lakes, waterfalls, streams, statuary, and enjoy the collection of hundreds of species of different plants from all over the world that convey to their visitors a peace of mind of excellence.

Managed by the Lisbon City Council, it is made up of three areas: Cold Greenhouse, Hot Greenhouse and Sweet Greenhouse.

http://estufafria.cm-lisboa.pt/a-estufa/a-estufa.html

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The Jardim do Príncipe Real, officially designated Jardim França Borges [1], is a garden located in Lisbon, located near the Bairro Alto, this romantic garden, was built in the middle of the century. XIX. As a point to be pointed out, there is a Cedro-do-Buçaco (Cupressus lusitanica), more than 20 meters in diameter, which is one of the trees that is classified as being of public interest in this place, and the subterranean water reservoir of the Patriarchal. The weekly organic produce market held on Saturdays is one of the many events held here.The garden with an area of ​​1.2 ha was designed according to the English romantic taste and organized around a large octagonal lake with fountain. It stands out several tree species, standing out the enormous cedar-of-Buçaco, the ex-libris of the square, twenty meters in diameter. It has symmetrical flowerbeds with multicolored plants and flowers and small shrubs. Officially designated Garden France Borges in 1915 when there put a bust dedicated to this Republican journalist in his honor

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_do_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Real

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The Monsanto Forest Park offers a wide range of activities. Here you can discover a series of trails for mountain biking, or become a real runner! But if you just want to rest with your family, you can take walks along the Monsanto rails, or have a picnic in our Picnic Parks, come and discover our proposals.

Forest management certification is based on FSC principles and criteria and resulted from the CML's willingness to follow responsible, internationally recognized and accepted management standards, making it possible to demonstrate that the Monsanto Forest Park is managed in an ecologically appropriate manner.

http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/parque-florestal-de-monsanto

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The Calouste Gulbenkian gardens are located all around the Foundation of the same name. The Foundation has exhibition halls and exhibition areas and the Modern Art Center with library and restaurant / bar. The gardens were built in the 50's in honor of its founder - Calouste Gulbenkian - and constitute a wide space of leisure and culture, with a landscape design characterized by hanging gardens and a diverse flora.

http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/zonas/centro/espacos-verdes/info/jardins-da-fundacao-calouste-gulbenkian

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Jardim da Estrela is in the parish of Lapa, in front of the Estrela Basilica, Lisbon.

There are five entrances to Jardim da Estrela and inside there are two playgrounds and a kindergarten of Santa Casa da Misericórdia. At the entrance to Largo da Estrela, there is a day center, and in the center of the garden there is a kiosk of the Municipal Library.

One of the central points is the wrought-iron bandstand where there are concerts in the summer months. Also note the various pieces of statuary.

The fauna and flora of the garden are rich and varied, with rubber trees, tipuanas, dragoeiros and jacarandás. Around the various lakes there are ducks, swans and peacocks.

One of the most popular gardens in the city.

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The Botanical Garden of Lisbon, which belongs to the National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC), combines an enormous diversity of species (between 1,300 and 1,500) to the beauty and fascination of its corners and slopes that invite its long discovery. Some trees are particularly interesting for their monumentality and size. The remarkable diversity of palm trees, coming from all continents, confers an unexpected tropical imprint to various locations in the Garden. The cycads are one of the garden's ex-libris. Authentic living fossils represent ancient floras, most of which are extinguished and only conserved in botanical gardens. The Garden is particularly rich in tropical species from New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South America, which attests to the peculiarities of the different microclimates created in this Garden by the topographic implantation in which it is inserted. The Garden dates back to 1878. The first garden used by the students of the Polytechnic was the Ajuda Botanical Garden, whose scientific and administrative tutelage passed to the School in 1839. In 1873 the work of the new garden began on the initiative of the Count of Ficalho (1837-1903). The Garden has been open to the public since its inception in 1878. It congregates the carpological collection and Index Seminum. It was classified as a National Monument in 2010, integrating all the artistic heritage (sculptures) and built in it: Astronomical Observatory of the Polytechnic School, Herbarium Building, Greenhouses, Palmarium, and old wood stove.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Salad with over 50 species of plants ... very tasty

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Salad with over 50 species of plants ... very tasty

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Waters flavored with elderberry and lemon and with mallows and lemon ... super refreshing.

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Waters flavored with elderberry and lemon and with mallows and lemon ... super refreshing.

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Learn to respect 

A business plan based on volunteering for teachers and parents

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Learn to respect 

A business plan based on volunteering for teachers and parents

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One of the duties of being a teacher is to educate the students and sensitize them to the future consequences of their attitudes. It tells them about the causes of climate change and how we as citizens should act. Thus, it would create a Center with the logo "Learn to respect the plants", where students would visit Botanical Gardens, and others with guides explaining the importance of these plants, trees, flowers ... and even parents could participate. There would also be plant-related workshops. I think the solution to this dilemma, endangered species and climate change is in children: they are going to change and we have to give the tools and the example.

In the photograph below, I'm with my two daughters in a workshop on edible plants with Fernada Botelho. I hope it will serve as an example and an incentive for colleagues. It was a very good day, we had fun and we learned a lot.

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Do you want to contribute to the project "Red List of the Vascular Flora of Mainland Portugal"? Sponsor a plant of your choice among the target plants of the project.

The 620 target plants of the project are those which are rarer and more threatened at the outset and for which it was necessary to gather information on their current range, the size of their populations and the threats to them field research and / or herbarium research, in order to make it possible to assess its risk of extinction in accordance with IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria.

You will be able to sponsor one or more plants from the 25 species selected below. All of them are in danger of extinction in mainland Portugal because they have been evaluated under this project in one of the three categories of IUCN threat: Vulnerable (VU), In Danger (EN) or Critically In Peril (CR).What is the use of sponsoring a plant?
When sponsoring a plant, it is contributing, through a single donation of a minimum value equal to € 12 per plant, to the conclusion of the project "Red List of the Vascular Flora of Mainland Portugal".

This project has a total eligible budget of € 411,014.53 and is co-financed by the Cohesion Fund by 85% through the Operational Program for Sustainability and Efficiency in the Use of Resources (POSEUR-03-2215-FC-000013) and 12, 2% by the Environmental Fund. The Portuguese Botanic Society, as the beneficiary of these funds and responsible for the implementation of the project, should include the remaining 2.8% of the total eligible expenditure, as well as all expenses considered as ineligible by the most essential cofinancing entities within the scope of the project for its implementation.

The donations raised in the 'Sponsor a Red List Plant' campaign will thus be a valuable contribution to the completion of this project of enormous importance for the conservation of biodiversity in Portugal.

The ultimate objective of the project is the elaboration of the Red List of the Vascular Flora of Mainland Portugal (ie the diagnosis of the extinction risk of native plants of our territory), which is the strategic document that has been waiting for more than 20 years that will guide the policies of management of biodiversity conservation and help define the conservation priorities of the flora in our country. The results of the project will also be integrated into the national biodiversity conservation legislation, under Decree-Law no. 142/2008, of July 24, which will ultimately allow the legal protection of endangered species.

http://www.spbotanica.pt/

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It is a book that allows to know part of the plants that exist in this natural park of the Country and will be edited for the second time. There are over 1450 species in the Sierra, two of which are unique in the world. A catalog of Portuguese botanical wealthThe book goes in the second edition and in its 272 pages catalogs 200 of the 1450 species of flora known in the region. Among them are the aforementioned endemic species of Arrábida, as well as other endemic species from Portugal and the whole of the Iberian Peninsula, plus six species with legal protection status, "plant species of Community interest whose conservation requires the designation of zones special conservation measures ", thus prohibiting the collection, cutting, uprooting or destruction of plants.

The "fault" of the flowering of so many different plants in Arrábida is of the land.

The soils of this region are limestone, usually rich in biodiversity. Similarly, the region is influenced by the estuary of the Sado, Atlantic and also the mountain. This causes cases of species that have different characteristics to occur, depending on where they are born.

https://www.dn.pt/ciencia/biosfera/interior/guia-ajuda-a-conhecer-as-seis-flores-protegidas-da-arrabida-1704846.html

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Family: CUPRESSACEAE

Scientific name: Juniperus turbinata Guss. subsp. turbine

Publication: 1844

Group: evergreen conifer

Vernacular names: sabina, sabina-da-praia, zimbreira, zimbreiro, juniper-sand

.

Habit: shrub or small tree not going beyond the 6 to 8 m of height; has a right trunk, short and branched from the base; the dense canopy may be conical-fastiated or round, however when exposed to intense winds, as in certain areas of the coast, it often has a prostrate bearing; has round, scaly twigs.Leaves: two types, juvenile, rare, acicular, green with two bands that turn blue-gray on both pages, dark green, scaly, overlapping, obtuse or acute.

Flowers: dioecious plant that blooms during the winter or at the end of this, between November and February. The male flowers are arranged in cones at the extremities of the branches, they are ovoid, with 5 or 6 pairs of scales. The females are globose and are located in the lateral branches, with 6 to 8 scales, each of them with an ovum, that originates a fruit.

Fruits: the fruit of the sabina-da-praia, the globular galo or ovoid, yellowish green of 8 to 14 mm when young becomes reddish or yellowish when it matures during the second year. Each fruit contains between 3 to 9 seeds.

Buds:

Ritidoma: brownish, standing out in thin strips.

In Portugal: it is in the coastal zone, mainly center and south

Juniper, a shrub that resists everything
The junipers are very old in the plant kingdom. They now live in particularly difficult natural environments such as dunes, withstand poor rainfall and cold and are very wind-resistant due to deep rooting. They protect the soils in general and the dunes in particular, thus constituting zimbrais. Species also used as ornamental.

http://www.arvoresearbustosdeportugal.com/portfolio-item/sabina-da-praia-juniperus-turbinata-subsp-turbinata/

is a protected plant

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/galeria/pnarr-zimbro/view

Juniper

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SpeciesOphrys scolopax
DescriptionCav.
GenusOphrys
Family Orchidaceae
OrderOrchidales
SubclassLiliidae
ClassLiliatae (Monocotyledoneae)
Subclass Magnoliophytina (Angiospermae)
Spermatophyta Division
Physiological TypeGeophyte
General DistributionMediterranean Region
Common name (s)
Habitat / EcologyUnclears
Wet lawns
SinonimiasOphrys abchasica (Kümpel) P.Delforge
Ophrys apiformis Steud.
Ophrys atropos Barla
Ophrys bremifera Steven
Ophrys bullata Cirillo ex Steud.
Ophrys keto Devillers, Devillers-Tersch. & P.Delforge
Ophrys corbariensis J.Samuel & J.M.Lewin
Ophrys gerstlaueri A.Fuchs
Ophrys hippocratis P.Delforge
Ophrys hygrophila Gügel, Kreutz, D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.
Ophrys karadenizensis M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder
Ophrys mycenensis S.Hertel & Paulus
Ophrys orphanidea Saliaris & P.Delforge
Ophrys santonica J.M.Mathé & Melki
Ophrys schelkownikowii Woronow
Season FloweringMarço - June

https://jb.utad.pt/especie/Ophrys_scolopax

Ophrys scolopax is a rare orchid in Portugal. The flowers of this group found in Portugal are generally smaller than those of the other European countries and Tyteca designated them by Ophrys picta. The classification does not appear to have been accepted by international experts. This is the case of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSCI) of the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, which in its Flora Iberica (Vol.XXI) explicitly states that "no clear separation has been found ..."). This orchid has the following common names: Ophrys bécasse in France; Abejera or Abejera awarded in Spain; Flower of the birds in Portugal. The term "scolopax" originates in Latin and means woodcock, the same as in French "bécasse". This is because some ornithologist in ancient times (the most certain is to have been a botanist hunter) will have discovered that the ginostémio of the orchid seen in profile remembers the head and the beak of the woodcock.

Ophrys scolopax orchid

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This is one of the rarest wild forests in our country and, simultaneously, one of the most beautiful, highlighting its designs and forms, as well as its nuclei and textures.
In Portugal can be found in the river Tagus, in few parts of the population, almost always with a reduced number of individuals.
It is a medium-sized plant, capable of reaching 20 to 40 cm, constructed by a basal rosette of leaves, oblong-lanceolate, followed by a erect floral stem, with 3 to 8 flowers, arranged in spike and spaced apart. The flowers have a soft color, rounded and provided with intense submarginal hairiness. The rest are the same, they are usually green, whitish, sometimes a soft pink or more intense.

http://orquideassoltas.blogspot.com/2014/03/ophrys-incubacea.html

orchid ophrys incubacea

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Convolvulus fernandesii

KINGDOM
Plantae

PHYLUM
Tracheophyta

CLASS
Magnoliopsida

ORDER
Solanales

FAMILY
Convolvulaceae

GENUS
Convolvulus

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Convolvulus fernandesii

KINGDOM
Plantae

PHYLUM
Tracheophyta

CLASS
Magnoliopsida

ORDER
Solanales

FAMILY
Convolvulaceae

GENUS
Convolvulus

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THREATS

Residential & commercial development

Housing & urban areas

Human intrusions & disturbance

Recreational activities

UCN RED LIST CATEGORY AND CRITERIA

Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

DATE ASSESSED

13 October 2016

YEAR PUBLISHED

2017

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162138/103545575

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade/rn2000/resource/doc/rn-plan-set/flora/conv-fernand

https://naturdata.com/especie/Convolvulus-fernandesii/18440/0/

One of the most remarkable Portuguese endemic plants

Perennial shrub up to 1 m; flowering april-may

Continental Portugal: native; only Baixo Alentejo (district of Setúbal); endemic, vulnerable, protected plant with priority (EU Habitats Directive)

Protected areas: Serra da Arrábida

Convolvulus fernandesii

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KINGDOM

Plantae

PHYLUM

Tracheophyta

CLASS

Magnoliopsida

ORDER

Malpighiales

FAMILY

Euphorbiaceae

GENUS

Euphorbia

IUCN RED LIST CATEGORY AND CRITERIA

Vulnerable D2
DATE ASSESSED

26 September 2016

YEAR PUBLISHED

2017

THREATS
Human intrusions & disturbance

Recreational activities

Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases

Problematic species/disease of unknown origin

Geological events
Avalanches/landslides

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/96430454/96430470

It is considered a tertiary relic of the flora of Portugal. It is an endemic species of the Portuguese territory, namely in Continental Portugal where its distribution is exclusive of the natural park of Arrábida.

Euphorbia pedroi

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Theophrastus, disciple of Aristotle and considered the father of botany, wrote two important works that mark the origin of this science: De historia plantarum ('History of plants') and De causis plantarum ('On the causes of plants').There are elements in the plant (flower, leaf, fruit) that are
irrefutable relevance, and yet have a duration limited to one year and always renewable.
Variation and expiration make the definition of 'part' methodologically difficult.
One temptation might be to exclude these elements as 'parties' because of their aspects of incompatibility with basic questions in this definition; and yet the importance of these elements 'which constitute the fullness and physiognomy of plants' can not be eliminated without serious prejudice to the purpose concerned. Moreover the purpose - which is an essential criterion in the definition of 'part'
- implies their inclusion: 'Because any plant becomes beautiful and seems to reach, or rather,in fact, reaches its fullness when it bursts forth, blossoms or bears fruit '.
Having found the inconvenience of excluding this factor, Theophrastus integrates it into his
approach and then seek a general outline of the part itself; in this sense, different criteria may be adopted. To divide them into internal and external establishes a basic dichotomy, to which is appended a strategy of study according to the requirements that such
division entails: for the knowledge of the external parts is enough to simply observe; for
the internal ones exist, as for the animals, the dissection.
A second perspective is added, that of the comprehensiveness that a party may have within theuniverse of plants: if it is common to all, if particular to a particular group only; and, in either case, there are similarities or differences - according to a criterion of excess or defect - and whether it exists in the same position or in another  - problem
which is placed in relation to fruits, leaves and shoots.
Only after these general criteria of identification and comparison have been established can the
specify each of the parts and proceed to its characterization.

 The parties which, certainly according to their function, may be considered more important,as well as being common to a greater number of plants and tending perennially, are referred to as: root, stem, branch and shoot; to which are added those that renew each year and contribute
for its reproduction: leaves, flowers and fruit. The root can play a highlighted; just as Aristotle defines the mouth as the most relevant organ of being
Theophrastus makes the root, in plants, its equivalent within the Aristotelian concept that 'the earth is the stomach of animals'.
Trees, being the species to which these elements essentially correspond, may in the classification to be sketched.

It is necessary to establish criteria that allow the transition of knowledge
general or indeterminate to another, circumscribed and specific to concrete situations.
And this is perhaps the requirement that, in a certain way, hangs on the reach of Theophrastus' treatise
dedicated to botany. The degree of systematization achieved is modest, the final effect is closer to an account of different species than to a classification, disrespect for
own methodological proposal is patent at certain moments, the hierarchization of plants
lacks rigor. Even so, Theophrastus opens paths, in establishing kinship between species, of large divisions and groupings, which become the necessary remission to the great steps taken by Botany in the future.

 https://digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/39060/6/Historia%20das%20Plantas.pdf

"Inquiry into Plants" by  Theophrastus

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Scientific Name: Origanum vulgare
Popular Names: Oregano, Marjoram, Wild Marjoram, Oregano, Orégão-vulgar-do-minho, Oregano
Family: Lamiaceae
Category: Spicy Herbs, Medicinal, Horticultural Plants
Climate: Equatorial, Mediterranean, Subtropical, Temperate, Tropical
Origin: Europe, Mediterranean
Height: 0.1 to 0.3 meters, 0.3 to 0.4 meters
Brightness: Full Sun
Life Cycle: Perennial
Oregano is a semi-woody, branched, perennial plant with very aromatic leaves, indispensable in Mediterranean cooking. It is botanically related to marjoram, but differs primarily from aroma. Some varieties of oregano present themselves as small shrubs, dense, with stems and branches straight, others are like fodder, spreading with rhizomes and prostrate boughs. The leaves are oval, petiolate, opposite, usually pubescent and rich in essential oil. Its flowers are small, tubular, pinkish to purplish and appear in the summer, in inflorescences of the rácemo type.

Indispensable in the home garden, oregano blends perfectly with tomato, garlic, basil, olive oil and cheeses. It can be used fresh, but the pungent aroma of its leaves intensifies with drying. Like other herbs, oregano loses its flavor if cooked, so it should be added to the dishes always at the end. Despite its spicy qualities, oregano is not restricted to vegetable gardens, it can be used without fear in the garden, as lining or surround and even in hanging baskets. It goes very well in rocky gardens. Currently there are varieties of larger or smaller size and with leaves and flowers of different colors, such as 'Aureum Crispum', of curly and yellow leaves, or 'Heiderose' of pink flowers. In addition, there are also some natural subspecies and crosses as in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek or Turkish Oregano, with intense flavor) and Origanum X majoricum (Oregano Italiano, sweetest flavor, crossed with marjoram).

https://www.jardineiro.net/plantas/oregano-origanum-vulgare.html

Origanum vulgare

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In cooking, rosemary is often used to prepare poultry, game, sausages, pork, sausages and baked potatoes. Some people also use rosemary in soups and sauces. In common dishes in the Mediterranean, in Italy, for example, rosemary is added in roasts of lamb, kid and veal. During the preparation of a barbecue, many people join rosemary to the charcoal, so that the meat has the special aroma of this plant.

Rosemary essential oil is often used within the scope of perfumery. In addition, there are also known medicinal uses of rosemary, which has already been used to combat typhoid. Infusions of this plant are used to calm cough and stomach cramps. Rosemary is also a muscle relaxant, strengthens the heart muscles and has the function of activating memory. For this reason, some scholars believe that hanging sprigs of rosemary in places where children do homework can help improve their memories.

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Rosemary, whose scientific name is Rosmarinus officinalis, is a shrub found easily in the Mediterranean zone and that proliferates in lands of limestone origin. Its flowers are blue and exude a very pleasant aroma. The Romans called this plant rosmarinus, whose translation into Portuguese is "dew of the sea."

As for etymology, the word rosemary comes from the Arabic word al-iklil. The name rosemary is often used to describe other plants, such as rosemary, which has similar characteristics. Nevertheless, these two plants belong to different genera, rosmarinus (in the case of rosemary) and lavandula (rosemary) and present differences with respect to the flower.

Rosemary is often used to decorate paths and is grown by people who are taking their first steps in the world of gardening as it is a shrub that is very resistant to pests and does not require much maintenance.

Rosemary flower is associated with courage and fidelity. Likewise, it means good spirits, trust, and spirituality. Their flowers convey a sense of well-being and for this reason they are often present in family gatherings.

According to some popular beliefs, rosemary pushes away envy, and when placed under the pillow, it pushes away bad dreams. There are also those who believe that if someone touches the person they love with rosemary, the love of this person for those who touched it will be eternal.

According to a legend of gypsy origin, the rosemary has a divine characteristic, because it will have appeared for the first time near the stable where Jesus was born, in the precise place where Maria threw the water of the bath of Jesus.

https://www.significados.com.br/alecrim/

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The orange tree is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region due to its edible fruits (orange-sweet), as well as the essential oils extracted from the flowers and fruits used in the cosmetics industry. The oranges contain carotenes, countless vitamins, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, pectin and mineral acids. In addition, before maturation, when their virtues reach apogee, they contain flavonic glycosides that give them a vitamin P action that protects the capillaries and prevents bleeding. The orange pulp is tonic and its uses in cosmetics are similar to that of cucumbers. The bark is prepared by distillation, aromatic essences. The ivory-colored wood is consistent and very dense, suitable for turning and the making of handicrafts.

orange essencil oil

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Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck- Phanerogami Plant

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Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck- Phanerogami Plant

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Family
Rutaceae
Common name
orange-ginger, orange-of-thorn, orange-of-silver, orange-gourd, orange-gourd, sweet orangeThe orange tree is a tree, which can reach 10 m high, provided with twigs with few weak thorns. The canopy is compact, rounded, with a trunk provided with a smooth, gray, somewhat rough bark. The leaves are oblong-ovate, simple, acute at the apex and rounded at the base, alternating, subcoriaceous, with few secondary veins, and dark green in color. The flowers are aromatic, solitary and axillary, or gathered in summits in the armpit of the leaves; small and white, with 4-5 sepals and 5 petals. The fruit (hesperídio) is globose the ellipsoid, of orange or yellow-orange epicarp in mature, sweet pulp and axial region remaining solid. Seeds involved by pulps, fusiform and pedicled vesicles.

http://serralves.ubiprism.pt/species/show/943

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Horsetail is a medicinal plant known for, among other utilities, slimming, as it helps to deflate and burn fats. Its properties include the astringent, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying functions, which are able to treat numerous conditions, in addition to the high concentration of potassium and calcium.

Another benefit of horsetail consumption is the activation of the blood circulation, since thanks to the antioxidant function of the herb, it produces a significant improvement in the appearance of the skin with cellulite.

In addition to the health benefits and weight loss, horsetail tea helps to improve the beauty of the skin. Thanks to its astringent action, it helps in reducing the oiliness of the dermis, combating and preventing the appearance of pimples.

The herb also contributes to the elasticity of the skin, combating flaccidity, and even strengthens nails and hair.

http://like3za.pt/8-beneficios-do-cha-de-cavalinha-para-o-nosso-organismo/

horsetail tea

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Equisetum L., 1753 is a genus of pteridophytes of the family Equisetaceae, of which it is the only extant taxa, which groups the species known by the common name of mackerel. Its name is of Latin origin, composed by "equi" (horse) and "setum" (tail), that is, ponytail. This genus also includes the species known as snake corn, fennel, rattail, foxtail, snaketail, alligator cane, straw-weed, sandpaper, horse, among others.This plant is considered to be more than 300 million years old and thus comparatively one of the oldest plant life forms in the world.

Features
The horsetail is a perennial plant. It has no flowers and, consequently, no seeds; some species have verticillate leaves, but reduced to insignificant size.

The stem is green, hollow, photosynthetic, with rough texture to the touch because of the presence of silicon and can be found in two ways:

the usually short, fertile stem appears in early spring. It presents in the end the spike producing of spores, that serves for its reproduction, that, however, also can occur through rhizomes.
the usually long barren stem arises after the fertile stem withers.
The spores are contained in apical strobiles.

Its chemical composition is formed by large amount of silicon and smaller amounts of calcium, iron, magnesium, tannin, sodium, among others. phenolic carboxylic acid, gallic acid, palmitic acid, silicic acid, apigenin, equisetonin, spermidine, flavonic glycosides, luteolin, nicotine, saccharides, potassium salts, saponins, tannins, thiaminase. It is adapted to moist soils and for being aggressive and persistent, care must be taken that it does not become a weed.

Mackerel may be considered toxic to monogastric animals, which are affected by thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys vitamin B1 (thiamine) and causes nervous symptomatology. Excessive doses can cause: numbness, bloating, diarrhea, hypotension, tachycardia, coma and even death.

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cript%C3%B3gama

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The name also has Greek origin, being that fanero means visible and gamma corresponds, as we saw earlier, to gametes.

 Phanerogamic plants have their gametes producing systems very visible. They are also known as spermatophyte plants, because they produce seeds.


Examples: pines, cicas, rose bushes, mangoes, orange, lemon, apple and coconut trees.

 Subgroups of phanerogams:

 - Gymnosperms: they are the vegetables that do not produce fruits, although they own seeds.


- Angiosperms: the seeds of these plants are allocated within fruits. These fruits originate from the development of the flower's ovary.

https://www.todabiologia.com/botanica/grupos_plantas.htm

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The name originates in the Greek, being crypto means hidden and gamma corresponds to gamete.

The main characteristic of these plants is the fact that they have little visible gamete production system.


Examples: ferns, avencas, hepatica and mosses.


Subgroups of cryptogams:

- Bryophytes: vegetables that do not have specialized vessels for the conduction of the sap. They are small plants.

 - Pteridophytes: vegetables that have vessels for transporting the sap. They are large plants. They are also called vascular plants.

https://www.todabiologia.com/botanica/grupos_plantas.htm

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Pinheiro is the common name of the trees belonging to the Pinophyta division, traditionally included in the group of gymnosperms.
Pine trees are perennial plants and also produce resinous. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly. The sprouts are produced in regular inflorescences, which in fact are a very tight spiral appearing a ring of shoots that arise from the same point. Many pine trees are uninodal, producing only one whorl of shoots per year, (of shoots at the beginning of the flowering season), but others are multinodal, producing two or more verticilos of branches per year. In the spring the shoots are called "candles" because of a lighter color, they point upward and then darken and shiver. These candles serve to assess the nutritional status of plants.The pines are monoecious, with male and female cones occurring on the same tree. The male cones are small, 1 to 5 cm long, and only present in a short period (usually in spring or autumn for a few other pines), falling as soon as their pollen disperses. The female cones take from 1.5 to 3 years (depending on the species) to mature and, after pollination, fertilization may take another year. At their maturity the female cones are from 3 to 60 cm in length. Each cone has numerous protective leaves arranged in a spiral, each containing two fertile seeds. The protective sheets closest to the base of the cone are small and sterile, seedless. Most seeds are small and winged to be dispersed by wind (anemophilia), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing and are then dispersed by birds (see below). The maturity of the cone is usually achieved when it opens releasing the seeds, but in species sown by birds (the species Pinus albicaulis), it will be necessary for the bird to break the receptacle of the cone to open it. In others, which depend on forest fires, a large amount of cones deposited over the years is opened by fire in the same fire that destroys the mother tree, and thus replaces the forest.

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinheiro

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The Christmas tree is one of the most popular traditions associated with the celebration of Christmas. It is usually a coniferous tree with perennial leaves (a pine tree) or an artificial tree. As part of the tradition, the tree is adorned with colored balls and other Christmas decorations, such as the Christmas bell.The first Christmas tree was decorated in Riga, Latvia in 1510. It is also believed that this tradition began in 1530 in Germany with Martin Luther. One night as he walked through the woods, Luther was struck by the beauty of the snow-covered pines. The stars of the sky helped to compose the image that Luther reproduced with tree branches in his house. In addition to the stars, cotton and other decorations, like candles lit to show their relatives the beautiful scene they had witnessed in the forest.

There are other versions, however, according to which the modern Christmas tree actually appeared in Germany between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is not known exactly in which city it arose. During the nineteenth century the practice was taken to other European countries and to the United States. Only in the twentieth century did this tradition reach Latin America.

Today this tradition is common to Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox.

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The plant's milky sap, consisting of a type of irritating latex, in contact with the skin and mucous membranes causes inflammation, pain and itching, and may also cause eye irritation, tearing, swelling of the eyelids and impaired vision. Ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. [2] It is false, however, that it can cause death. The attribution of lethal properties to the poinsettia will have originated in a rumor that began in the United States with the death of a child of two years in 1919, after she had eaten a sheet of poinsettia. Studies on the toxicity of this plant seem to indicate that only after ingestion of large quantities (more than a few hundred of its leaves) is that one's life could be at risk. The reason for this belief may be that most euphorbiaceae, a family of which poinsettia is a part, are highly poisonous.

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poins%C3%A9tia

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Poinsettia

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genre: Euphorbia
Species: E. pulcherrima

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Poinsettia

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genre: Euphorbia
Species: E. pulcherrima

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Coming from Central America, more specifically the region of Taxco del Alarcon, the plant was denominated by the Aztecs of "cuetlaxochitl". The plant was used by this people for the production of paints used in cosmetics and dyeing of fabrics, in addition to using their sap in the production of medicines against fever. Even today the poinsettias of whitish bracts are used for the production of depilatory creams, in addition to their cultivation for the formation of hedges.

Perhaps it was from the seventeenth century onwards that the plant began to have a Christmas meaning, when Franciscan friars began to use it in a procession of this block, called "Feast of Saint Crib." The red bracts began to be symbolically associated, by their form, with the star of Bethlehem.


The red bracts look like petals that surround the pseudo-umbels where are the small flowers, surrounded by a green layer and a yellow gland that is born unilaterally.
Floriculturists, especially those from Scandinavia and California, were responsible for obtaining cultivars varieties that are more adapted to the domestic decoration, either by size (since these plants can form branched bumps reaching 3 m in height, especially if planted abroad ), or by the color and color pattern present in the bracts. There are, then, orange, pale green, marbled, speckled poinsettias.

The name poinsettia (poinsettia) derives from the name of Joel Roberts Poinsett, who was the first ambassador of the United States in Mexico. Impressed by the colors of the bracts, Poinsett sent some copies in 1829 to the greenhouse of his house, where they developed with ease. Poinsett offered many of these plants to friends who were also interested in growing flowers, such as John Bartram who, in turn, donated a few feet of the plant to Robert Buist, owner of a nursery. The latter, ignorant of the scientific name Euphorbia pulcherrima given by the German taxonomist Klotzsch in 1833, decided to sell it with the name Euphorbia poinsettia.

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poins%C3%A9tia

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Poinsettia, also called a Christmas flower or Christmas star, is a plant widely used for decorative purposes, especially at Christmas time because of its red color.

It originates in Mexico and North America.

The Mexican legend tells that a girl named Pepita did not know what to offer the Baby Jesus at Christmas Mass.

He thus exposed his problem to his cousin Peter, who accompanies him on the way to the Church. Peter consoles Pepita, and says that in the eyes of God, no matter the value of the offer, what matters is the intention.

Pepita goes picking plants along the way ...

When he arrives at the Church, he sees the poverty of his offer and cries ...

But it still offers the plants. Then in front of the whole congregation assembled in the temple, the leaves of the branches become tinged with a bright red color transforming their simple and humble present into something beautiful and impressive.

The local people considered this a miracle and a message from Jesus.

Since then the plant has been born spontaneously in the region, the Christmas flowers burst forth from the wet ground, by the pure and innocent tears shed by Little Pepita.

https://www.esoterikha.com/presentes/lenda-da-flor-de-natal-poinsetia-bico-de-papagaio.php

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Holly (zebro)
Ilex aquifolium L.

Family: Aquifoliaceae

Geographic distribution: 
 In Portugal it is mainly in the north and center, but also in Lisbon and the Serra de Monchique.

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Holly (zebro)
Ilex aquifolium L.

Family: Aquifoliaceae

Geographic distribution: 
 In Portugal it is mainly in the north and center, but also in Lisbon and the Serra de Monchique.

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The holly is a persistent leaf shrub of the family of Aquifoliáceas, genus Ilex, of very slow growth, reaching in adult of four to six meters of height and being able to live more than a hundred years. Some specimens reach arboreal size and can reach 15 m or more.


It is a very sought-after plant for the Christmas holidays due to its bright red fruits, contrasting with the color of the leaves. This popular custom has its origin in the pre-Christian paganism of Europe, and today it is so widespread that the spontaneous holly, Ilex aquifolium L., is in danger of extinction in our country, which is why its harvest is forbidden , transportation and marketing in mainland Portugal.

It supports the shade very well, and can live under cover of larger trees. Although not demanding on soil types, it prefers fresh, slightly acid, light soils, rich in organic matter and good drainage, and seasons with high or medium rainfall, as well as altitudes up to 1,500 m.

The leaves, dark green or bicolored (usually green and white or green and cream), are oval or lanceolate and have a curly, spiny, sometimes flat on edge in older individuals or branches. The flowers are white, small in size.

It is a dioecious species (i.e. the sexes are separated having, as in the human species, male individuals and female individuals), appearing the fruits, which are toxic, only in female specimens. The leaves also have some toxicity. It flowers from April to June and the fruits mature in late summer, persisting throughout the winter.

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/icnf/faqs/ordenamento-e-gestao/azev/q-e-azev

http://www.florestar.net/azevinho/azevinho.html

Holly (zebro)
Ilex aquifolium L.

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A Muscat from Setúbal won the first prize at Muscats du Monde, a competition that chooses the best wines of its kind produced all over the world.

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A Muscat from Setúbal won the first prize at Muscats du Monde, a competition that chooses the best wines of its kind produced all over the world.

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That Setúbal is the region par excellence of Muscat, was already known. It lacked the worldwide consecration that arrived with the first prize in the prestigious competition Muscats du Monde, the French contest that tests the best musclecars in the world. The results of the race, which took place between 5 and 6 July in Frontignan-la-Peyrade, France, were released and brought good news to Portugal.

Among 214 moscateles in the competition, from 25 countries, the purple moscatel Venâncio da Costa Lima was the jury panel's favorite. The wine tops the list of top 10, ahead of French, Australian, South African, Cypriot and Italian.

This was not the only Portuguese wine awarded in the 17th edition of the contest. In the rankings, there was still room for a gold medal for the purple Moscatel Pioneiro 2013, also from Venâncio da Costa Lima, and for the purple moscatel 5 years of Bacalhôa.



The silver medals were also delivered to other Portuguese specimens: Malo Moscatel Roxo de Setúbal Superior 2009 from Malo Tojo Estates; Moscatel de Setúbal Superior 30 years of Bacalhôa; Moscatel de Setúbal 2013 Venâncio da Costa Lima; the Moscatel de Setúbal of the Casa Ermelinda Freitas; the muscatel of Adega de Pegões; and the 2011 purple moscatel of Sivipa.

With a total of 71 medals, 38 gold and 33 silver, Portugal is only behind France in the number of medals won.

https://www.evasoes.pt/beber/este-moscatel-portugues-e-o-melhor-do-mundo/

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Moscatel de Setúbal is the most emblematic wine produced in the region. This generous wine can be obtained from the Moscatel variety from Setúbal or Moscatel Roxo, originating Moscatel de Setúbal wine and the Moscatel Roxo wine. The Moscatel Roxo has a relatively limited production.

In the production of the generous setúbal it is obligatory that the Moscatel caste constitutes at least 67% of the total caste used in winemaking. This value rises to 85% in the production of Purple Muscat.

Generally, the Moscatel de Setúbal harvest is carried out when the grapes reach a sugar richness corresponding to about 12 to 13% potential alcohol, in order to benefit from all the properties of the grape variety. The Moscatel Roxo variety is harvested when the grapes reach a maturation degree of about 13 to 14% potential alcohol.

http://www.infovini.com/classic/pagina.php?codPagina=64&regiao=9

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Ten Benefits of Drinking Beer, According to Science

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Ten Benefits of Drinking Beer, According to Science

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1. DIMINISH RISK OF STONES IN KIDNEYS
Researchers at the National Public Health Institute of Helsinki have used their study of 27,000 middle-aged men to conclude that "every bottle of beer consumed per day can reduce the risk by 40%."

The study's authors show that both water and alcohol found in beer increase urinary fluids and dilate urine, reducing the risk of kidney stones. Alcohol also "increases calcium excretion," known as the primary constituent of kidney stones.

2. PROTECT YOU FROM HEART ATTACKS
A team of researchers at the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania has found that black beer can protect you from heart attacks. Atherosclerosis - when plaques of fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the walls of the arteries - is one of the main causes of heart problems but, according to doctor Joe Vinson, moderate consumption of beer can reduce the risk of the disease by 50%.

3. REDUCE THE RISK OF SUFFERING A
Studies by Harvard Medical School and the American Stroke Associaton show that people who drink moderate amounts of beer reduce their risk of stroke by 50 percent compared to people who do not drink.

The most common type of stroke is the ischemic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot blocks the artery that carries blood and oxygen to the brain. However, when we drink beer, our arteries become flexible and blood flow improves significantly.

4. STRENGTHEN THE BONES
Beer contains high levels of silicon, an element that promotes bone growth. But it is necessary to consume the ideal quantity. Researchers at Tufts University in Massachusetts have found that one or two glasses of beer can reduce the risk of breaking bones, while more than that will increase that risk.

5. DECREASED THE RISK OF DEVELOPING DIABETES
In 2011, Harvard researchers found that middle-aged men who drink two or three glasses of beer a day reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 25 percent. The study, conducted by Professor Dr. Michael Joosten, studied 38,000 men and concluded that alcohol in beer increases insulin sensitivity, which helps prevent diabetes.

6. REDUCE THE RISK OF ALZHEIMER
Studies in 1977 suggest that anyone who drinks beer is 23 percent less likely to develop cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's, or other dementia. Although 365,000 people have been studied, it is unknown why beer helps reduce Alzheimer's risk. One theory suggests that moderate alcohol consumption helps improve blood flow in the brain and the silicon in beer protects the brain from the damage caused by aluminum in the body - one of the possible causes of Alzheimer's.

7. CAN CURE INSONS
The consumption of beer stimulates the production of dopamine, a component prescribed by doctors to people suffering from insomnia, in the brain. According to a study by the Indiana University School of Medicine, just tasting beer makes consumers feel calmer and more relaxed. However, the investigators warn that 15 milliliters, equivalent to a tablespoon, is enough to feel these effects.

8. PREVINE FALLS
Cataracts are formed when the mitochondria - part of the cell responsible for converting glucose into energy - from the natural lens of the eye is damaged. Researchers at the University of Western Ontario have found that the antioxidants found in beer are a protection against this type of damage. But be careful: you should only consume one beer per day.

9. CAN CURE CANCER
Scientists at the University of Idaho believe that beer can even cure cancer. An ingredient in the beverage has been discovered that can be used to combat cancer and other inflammatory diseases. The humulones and lupulones found in the drink can prevent bacterial growth and scientists hope to find a way to develop a drug for cancer patients.

10. HELP TO LOSE WEIGHT
One study found that a component in beer can even help you lose weight.

The Oregon State University survey looked at 48 male mice and separated them into two groups. Both were subjected to diets with a high fat content, but to one of the groups were given 30 to 60 milligrams of xanthohumol, component found in beer, according to their weight, for 12 weeks.

Rats that consumed xanthohumol lowered their bad cholesterol levels by 80% and gained less fat by 22% than non-consumed mice.

But there is a setback: if you weigh 64kg you will have to drink 3500 glasses of beer a day to consume the amount of xanthohumol needed and be able to see results.

http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-05-10-Dez-beneficios-de-beber-cerveja-segundo-a-ciencia

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WATER

It is a very important element in this process and can undergo chemical changes according to its composition



MALT

Grains of cereals, usually barley, are germinated over a period of time until the necessary enzymes are obtained. The beans are then dried to allow storage. Malt is of fundamental importance in brewing, as it will give the drink the characteristic flavor, color and aroma

HOP

It is a climbing plant that produces a flower that after drying is responsible for the typical bitter taste of beer. It has bactericidal properties and is a natural preservative

OTHER NON-MALTED CEREALS - Corn Grit

Corn is often used. After its fat has been extracted, it is ground into gritz

https://acervo.publico.pt/multimedia/infografia/o-segredo-da-cerveja-201

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Beer (from Gaulish, through the Latin servisia) is a drink ready to be fermented, especially malted barley. It is believed to have been one of the first alcoholic drinks ever made by man. Today it is a most popular drink in the world, right after the water and the coffee. It is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages in the world today.

Sagres is a beer brand from Portugal. It was created in 1940 as a prestigious beer, to represent the Central Society of Beers in the Portuguese World Exhibition, inaugurated in May of that year.


In October 2008, Sagres surpassed Super Bock for the first time in 20 years, and has since remained the leading beer brand in Portugal.

The Sagres beer marks the beginning of the beer export, with first coming to Gibraltar, continuing to the Azores and the former Portuguese colonies: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor, Goa, Macao and Mozambique.

The Sagres beer is 100% natural, produced using traditional methods exclusively from water, malt, unmalted cereals and a rigorous selection of hops. No additives or preservatives are used in its manufacture. It is a medium-bodied beer, with a dry character and a pleasant bitter. Light, of golden color, has an alcohol content of 5.0%.

The portfolio of the Sagres brand includes Sagres Branca, Sagres Preta, Sagres Radler, Sagres Bohemia and Sagres without White and Black alcohol.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones.

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https://freemeteo.com.pt/tempo/barreiro/actual-tempo/localizacao/?gid=2271071&station=2975&language=portuguese&country=portugal

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Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Porto (MHNC-UP)

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Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Porto (MHNC-UP)

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Based at Casa Andresen, at Porto’s Botanical Garden, the Hall of Biodiversity – Ciência Viva Center is the outcome of the first phase of the ambitious rehabilitation project of the MHNC-UP, which is currently underway in close collaboration with Ciência Viva Agency.

Located in one of the most emblematic places in the city of Porto – the Botanical Garden, which together with it integrates the second pole of the Museum, the Hall of Biodiversity, officially opened to the public by His Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on June 30, 2017, is the first Ciência Viva Center specifically devoted to biodiversity.

A space in which the arts connect with biology and natural history, fostering a wide range of sensorial experiences, carefully and intentionally crafted with the purpose of celebrating the diversity of life, the Hall of Biodiversity is the first museology platform in the world to be conceived from the start according to the total museology philosophy.

Herein, visitors will encounter an exemplary set of 49 exhibition modules and installations, many of which have been developed or adapted specifically for inclusion in its permanent exhibition, organized according to 15 major topics covering all key aspects of the biological and cultural diversity we now know. With unparalleled features and functions, and well framed in an amazingly rich and diversified set of museographic resources, ranging from mechanical models to the most sophisticated multimedia and audiovisual platforms, this new and unique exhibition will invite visitors to take part in a journey through science, literature and the arts, along which the most beautiful tales about life will be told.

https://mhnc.up.pt/galeria-da-biodiversidade/

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Climate change. From Madagascar to Haiti, the humanitarian crises that the world ignored

https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/22-fev-2019/interior/alteracoes-climaticas-do-haiti-a-madagascar-as-crises-humanitarias-que-o-mundo-ignorou-10603846.html?target=conteudo_fechado

Global warming. 2018 was the fourth warmest year ever
https://www.dn.pt/vida-e-futuro/interior/2018-foi-o-quarto-ano-mais-quente-de-sempre-10543619.html

The struggle of the inhabitants of Greenland against global warming
https://www.dn.pt/mundo/interior/a-luta-dos-habitantes-da-gronelandia-contra-o-aquecimento-global-10458472.html

The weather is going to change a lot. Welcome to Tropical Portugal

https://www.dn.pt/1864/interior/o-clima-vai-mudar-e-muito-bem-vindo-ao-portugal-tropical-10380969.html?target=conteudo_fechado

Brussels wants end of fossil fuels by 2050
https://www.dn.pt/tag/alteracoes-climaticas.html

Climate change has already cost Portugal almost 7 billion euros
https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/alteracoes-climaticas-ja-custaram-a-portugal-quase-7-mil-milhoes-de-euros

Climate change could make Portugal drier, without beaches and without tourism

https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/alteracoes-climaticas-podem-tornar-portugal-mais-seco-sem-praias-e-sem-turismo---especialista-9198613.html

Coastal erosion has already caused "significant economic losses, ecological damage and social problems"

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in South America, tree species are 'on the run', trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in South America, tree species are 'on the run', trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!

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Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

Andes

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Alexander von Humboldt - The love of science made him rediscover the New World

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Alexander von Humboldt - The love of science made him rediscover the New World

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The great world prestige of Alexander von Humboldt is associated with his trip to the American tropics, having, 200 years ago established an extremely delineated and complex network of interdisciplinary and international information. For all this, and due to its scientific importance, numerous animal and vegetable species, topographical points, monuments, roads, institutes, scientific societies, museums and schools have their name in addition to the festivities that currently exist in their memory

https://www.bbm.usp.br/node/79

He is considered one of the founders of modern geography because his work gave to the descriptive geography a systematic character and its own methodology.

https://www.infopedia.pt/$alexander-von-humboldt

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Environmental stressors in my Plant Area

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Environmental stressors in my Plant Area

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The Mediterranean landscape is an exceptional center of diversity, species and habitats, but also one of the most threatened. The balance between vegetation, soil and climate is very delicate and, as such, susceptible to rupture, in particular as a consequence of certain human activities. Among them are: the destruction of the vegetal cover due to bad agricultural, livestock and forest management practices; the hunting and fishing overexploitation; the construction of large infrastructure (eg dams, highways); alteration of the natural forest fire regime; the exploitation of quarries and the mining industry; urbanization; the pollution; the introduction of exotic species (e.g. eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, Louisiana red crayfish Procambarus clarkii); and difficulties in the discussion and implementation of conservation measures and strategies in private properties.

In an adaptive response to climate, the vegetation of the various Mediterranean regions developed similar adaptations (form and functional response). This convergent evolution resulted in trees and shrubs, usually of small size, with persistent leaves, hard (sclerophyllous), small and covered by a waxy film, characteristics that help to conserve the humidity and to avoid losses of water by evapotranspiration. These trees and shrubs have also developed numerous adaptations to fires, recurrent in this type of landscape, such as a thick and hard bark that protects plant tissue from high temperatures, post-fire regeneration capacity, bursting (rhizomes, shoots) and / or seed germination capacity stimulated by high fire temperatures.

Among the trees and shrubs that characterize the Mediterranean forest are: holm oak, cormorant, cork oak, zambujeiro, aroeira, myrtle, narrow-leafed fern (Phillyrea angustifolia), oleander (Nerium oleander) , the genus Rhamnus and still pine, cedar and cypress.
As for typical Mediterranean plants, most of them with leaves covered by aromatic oils, the genera Rosmarinus (eg rosemary), Lavandula (eg rosemary), Thymus (eg thyme), Halimium (sargasses), Cistus C. ladanifer) and several species of the genus Origanum (eg oregano, O. vulgare). Of these, cistáceas such as the spruce are the ones that best support the conditions of accentuated dryness and little fertile soils, being therefore common in the very degraded zones of the Mediterranean region, conferring some protection to these poor and skeletal soils.

http://habitatlinceabutre.lpn.pt/homepage/paisagem-mediterranica/content.aspx?tabid=2327&code=pt

Azinheira

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Mediterranean ecosystems occupy only 1.2% of the earth's surface and, as a result of their climatic characteristics, are geographically well-defined (31 ° - 40 ° north and south), in 5 disjointed regions of the globe, on the western slopes of the continents: California, Chile, South Africa, Southwest Australia and the Mediterranean Basin. The largest of these regions is the Mediterranean Basin, stretching from Portugal to Lebanon, along about 3800 km from east to west, and from the south coast of Italy to Morocco and Libya, along about 1000 km north to the south.

In Portugal, the Mediterranean spot is mostly concentrated between the Tejo area in the south of the country, covering the entire Alentejo and Algarve region.

The Mediterranean Basin is a topographically diverse landscape with imposing mountains, deserts, rocky coastlines, extensive sandy beaches, forests and impenetrable shrubland, pseudo-steppes, coastal wetlands and a myriad of islands of different shapes and sizes.The Mediterranean climate is characterized by irregular pluviometric and thermal regimes: rainfall is relatively abundant in winter (short but violent episodes) and very rare in summer, with annual average rainfall not high, between 275-900 mm; As for temperature and humidity, summers are hot and dry and winters are cool and humid, although unstable, with a moderate annual temperature range.

http://habitatlinceabutre.lpn.pt/homepage/paisagem-mediterranica/content.aspx?tabid=2327&code=pt

Biogeographical regions of Europe

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Articles and documentaries on chicory


VISION MAGAZINE

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Articles and documentaries on chicory


VISION MAGAZINE

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http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2018-11-25-Chicoria-Conheca-os-beneficios-do-novo-espinafre

QUERCUS https://quercusambiente.pt/almeirao-ou-chicoria-brava/

VIDA ATIVA MAGAZINE
https://www.vidaativa.pt/a/chicoria/

The books and the workshops of Fernanda Botelho

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Chicory is from the composite family, with a hard stem and can reach a height of 1.5 m. The bluish-blue flowers are formed in large chapters, and there is also a rarer variety of white. Both segregate a white latex of very bitter flavor. The edible leaves should be harvested between June and September, always before flowering so that they are not so bitter. Parts used: root, leaves and flowers

In pre-industrial Europe it was customary for women to lie down on the rarer variety of white flower at birth and use their milky and bitter juice to treat the nipples during the period of breast-feeding.
An infusion of flowers and leaves applied to the face at night eliminates skin blemishes and the harmful effects of sun exposure.
The leaves can be used in the dyeing, extracting from them the blue color.

The chicory flowers are the mirror of the sky, so it is said that gazing at the blue of their flowers, the look calms and the spirit rises.

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Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was already known to the Egyptians in the year 4000 BC and used by them to fight liver problems, they also used it in salads; in the time of the Pharaohs, a chicory juice mixed with rose oil and vinegar was drank to combat headaches; or mixed with wine to combat liver and bladder disease.
He was known by Dioscorides and Pliny. From the XVII began to be cultivated in the gardens, appearing some varieties less bitter like the scales, endives, etc., that being less bitter, are also less effective as tonic of the liver.



Habitat
It exists in almost all areas of temperate and Mediterranean climate, Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It grows on the roadsides, cultivated and uncultivated fields, prefers limestone and rich in humus.

https://www.portaldojardim.com/artigos/plantas_saberes/chicoria170408/thumbs/01.jpg[/img]

chicory on the side of the road

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Digestive system
The infusion of chicory works as a laxative, relieving constipation.

Chicory root is a natural source of soluble dietary fiber, such as inulin.
Inulin and other soluble fibers of the chicory root have prebiotic properties that stimulate the growth of the beneficial intestinal microbiota and impose resistance to the colonization of pathogenic bacteria.
Consumption of chicory tea is recommended to stimulate secretion of bile and improve digestion.
Vitamins and Minerals
The infusion of chicory root contains small amounts of minerals like iron (10%), manganese, phosphorus, etc., and vitamins like pyridoxine (vitamin B-6).
Inulin and other soluble (fructan) fibers increase the absorption of minerals (zinc, calcium and iron) and dietary vitamins.

https://formasaudavel.com.br/raiz-de-chicoria/

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Regular consumption of chicory root infusion provides more health benefits than regular coffee consumption.
The infusion of chicory has cleansing properties (purifying and detoxifying effects).
Inulin and chicory root fiber reduce the absorption of cholesterol from food, thus reducing serum cholesterol levels.
Chicory root, like lettuce leaf, is one of the richest sources of sesquiterpene lactones; which give bitter taste to food.
These compounds have antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Lactucopicrin (Intybin), a sesquiterpene lactone present in chicory, has a sedative and analgesic effect on the central nervous system.
For this reason, besides not having caffeine, the chicory root has a relaxing effect.
The chicory root extract has antiparasite (anthelmintic) properties.
Chicory plant and its root are used as cattle feed to eradicate the infestation of parasites.
The soluble dietary fibers present in chicory root reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestine, helping to reduce glycemia in people with diabetes.
They also reduce the risk of colon cancer by decreasing the production of toxic metabolites, such as ammonia.

https://formasaudavel.com.br/raiz-de-chicoria/

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Chicory root has few calories; 100 g of this root provide only 72 KCal.
It contains no cholesterol.
Contains only traces of saturated fats.
The chicory root contains several compounds derived from plants, vitamins and minerals.
It contains no caffeine, its root and seeds being added to the coffee powder to reduce the caffeine levels of this beverage.
The chicory root contains numerous phytochemicals such as inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, polyphenol pigments, plant sterols, saponins and tannins.

https://formasaudavel.com.br/raiz-de-chicoria/

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The fruit is of the achene type (dry and indiscriminate) and its roots are tuberosas, pivotantes and much used when toasted, in the production of a substitute of coffee, mainly in Europe.Chicory root is the primary root of the chicory (endive) plant. It was used as a coffee substitute in the early 17th century.

Chicory is a perennial herb, cold season, but biannual crop due to its primary roots.

This herb develops best on deep and well drained soils, which enable the growth of its roots.

The chicory plant has relatively large primary, brown, fleshy, with milky sap, and also similar to the dandelion root.

The root measures about 5 cm in diameter at the upper end, tapering as in other roots, 15-20 cm in length and 50-100 g.

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The consumed part of the chicory are its leaves, which have characteristics as lanceolate format, have greenish coloration, approximately 30 centimeters long and 6 centimeters wide. They may be smooth or have a few ribs and have a characteristic slightly bitter taste. Its stems are pubescent.Chicory leaves are much appreciated in cooking different cultures. They are present in various salads and as an ingredient for the preparation of soups, sauces, purees, pies and various other recipes. When cooked, the bitter taste tends to decrease. Because they contain very low calories (100 grams offer about 20 kcal), the chicory is present in many diets. In addition, the chicory leaves are quite nutritious. They contain vitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin C, D and also some minerals like calcium, iron and phosphorus.
Chicory leaves are also commonly used for medicinal purposes. They have depurative, diuretic, esthetic and laxative action. The roots have a substance called inulin (a polysaccharide similar to starch), which is not digested by enzymes in the human intestine and is a soluble fiber (prebiotic) food, which means that this nutrient serves as food for good bacteria present in the intestines. Thus, inulin contributes to the smooth functioning of the gut preventing various diseases.

Sources:
http://www.cnph.embrapa.br/paginas/dicas_ao_consumidor/chicoria.htm

chicory leaf

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Chicory is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which includes thousands of species including lettuces, sunflowers and daisies. Of European origin and currently grown in various tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world, chicory stands out as being a very nutritious vegetable and full of medicinal properties.

Chicory. Photo: ermess / Shutterstock.com
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genre: Cichorium
Species: C. intybus

In order to develop well, the chicory needs a well drained soil enriched with organic matter, and enjoy the mild climate, with temperatures in the range of 14 to 16 degrees Celsius. When exposed to high temperatures the chicory tends to get the most bitter taste. The main producers of chicory are Italy, Spain, France, the United States and the Netherlands.

https://www.infoescola.com/plantas/chicoria/

Chicória

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FERNANDA BOTELHO was born in Tojeira / Sintra in August 1959.
At age 18 he travels to London where he studies anthroposophy and medicinal plants and Montessori pedagogy.
She did the botanical garden guide course with Alexandra Escudeiros and liked it so much she repeated it the following year.
In love with botanical gardens, she is a frequent visitor to Kew Gardens. Absorbs what he sees, photographs and writing.
It publishes every year since 2010 agendas of medicinal plants, three children's books "Salad de flores" "Sementes à solta" and "Aromatic gardens". "Plants and Health, Guide to Home Remedies". She is a collaborator of the Eco-schools program developing projects of medicinal plants and sustainable gardens in the school spaces with teachers and students.
She is a regular guest of RTP 1, organizes botanical tours and gives workshops on medicinal plants.
Fernanda Botelho says:
I was born and grew up in communion with nature, between the blue of the sea and the green of the trees. I am a village girl with tracks of travel by the way, internal and external travel between the plant kingdom, the United Kingdom and an inner kingdom inhabited by dreams. In the course of my days, happiness is a duty and gratitude, a constant.

From my Agenda, published in 2010, 7 editions germinated annually, with the 8th reserved for the theme of spices and herbs. The fertilizer of this growth is enthusiasm and dedication to a cause: ecology.

I studied Waldorf pedagogy and the years passed in the company of the little ones inspired the children's books "Salada de Flores", "Sementes à Solta" and "Hortas Aromatic". Sharing workshops and botanical tours with adults helped me create the book "Plants and Health - A Practical Guide to Home Remedies."

I had a rubric on Radio Clube de Sintra and I am a regular guest of RTP1. I travel the country sharing the passion for plants that runs in my veins. I love, respect and preserve the Earth. And I know that I am Terra. I've always been like this and I do not know how to be otherwise.

I attended two workshops with Fernanda and got one of her books where I fell in love. I chose two medicinal plants in this book: Nettle and Chicory.
However there are lots of beautiful and interesting plants.

I recommend

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Articles / documentaries that refer to the importance of nettle

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Articles / documentaries that refer to the importance of nettle

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Go to the video of the Nature Edible series:

https://youtu.be/XNZGA8Jrph0

http://www.quercustv.pt/tematicas/natureza-comestivel/344-episodio-9-a-urtiga

He appeared on Portuguese television, in RTP's program, "Ahora Nós", see the website:
http://media.rtp.pt/agoranos/artigos/receitas-com-urtigas

Newspaper article online- beira.pt
https://beira.pt/portal/noticias/confraria-vai-incentivar-utilizacao-da-urtiga-na-alimentacao/

Newspaper - Newspaper 19 / March / 2018
https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/confraria-de-fornos-de-algodres-usa-urtiga-como-coagulante-na-confecao-de-queijo-9197567.html

https://24.sapo.pt/noticias/nacional/artigo/confraria-de-fornos-de-algodres-incentiva-producao-de-queijada-de-urtiga_20694764.html

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Nettle is one of the most studied herbs, so an extensive list of properties, virtues and applications are known to it, and even deserves the honor of having a confraternity with its name, Conftiria da Urtiga, based in Forno de Algodres of the Guard).

A confraternity dedicated to the nettle, constituted to promote the consumption of that wild plant in soups, desserts and in the cheese confection of the Serra da Estrela.
The Gastronomic Confraternity of the Urtiga was formalized in May, during the 4th Ethnobotany Conference, organized by Terras de AlgodresA nettle squash is the latest gastronomic product to emerge in the municipality of Fornos de Algodres, Guarda district, on the initiative of the Urtiga Confraria that was created to encourage the use of that plant in food.

https://quercusambiente.pt/a-urtiga-etnobotanica/

Nettle squashes are made by Amélia Reis, a 70-year-old resident of the village of Juncais, using ingredients such as sugar, flour, milk, eggs and nettle.

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• Combats hair loss and brittle nails;
• Prevents anemia;
• Stimulates milk secretion;
• Reduces uric acid content;
• Relieves arthritis, arthritis and gout attacks, as well as other rheumatic manifestations;
• Lowers the blood glucose content, stimulating blood supply to all parts of the body;
• Combats numbness of limbs;
• Control bleeding;
• Treats problems in the respiratory system, such as asthma and bronchitis;
• It is used in the treatment of skin irritations and discharge;

www.hortasbiologicas.pt/ervas-daninhas-urtiga.html

Nettle tea

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Nettle is rich in vitamins, especially those in the B, C and K complexes. In addition to minerals such as magnesium and iron, trace elements, beta-carotene, amino acids, calcium, salts, phosphate and proteins.

https://www.remedio-caseiro.com/urtiga-planta-que-se-usada-do-jeito-certo-tem-muitos-beneficios/

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Scientific name- Urtica spp.
Family- Urticaceae
Its name, it is believed, was given by Pliny, a great scholar of plants in antiquity, and derives from the Latin verb, urere, which means "to burn."

Description
Perennial plant with pendulous toothed leaves, which blooms between June and September and reaches more than one meter high. They have no deep roots.
They reproduce by the many seeds that they produce and by the rhizomes that extend close to the soil.
Thanks to its roots with vast food reserves, its elimination can be quite difficult.
Cut the plants close to the ground and dig up the roots. The fragments that may remain will not grow back.
Nettle has thin hairs on the leaves and stems that contain irritating chemicals, which are released when the plant comes into contact with the skin. The contact causes painful urticaria.

There are several species of nettles in our country and they are all edible. In the site Flora.on - Flora of Portugal interactive are listed the 4 species: Urtica urens, U. membranácea, U. dioica and U. pilulifera (http://www.flora-on.pt/#/1urtigas). In my region, a region of the West, had two species, one Urtica urens and one U. membranosa. They prefer soils rich in nitrogen, moist and with some shade.

Nettle

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Protected Landscapes of the Fossil of Costa da Caparica

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Protected Landscapes of the Fossil of Costa da Caparica

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In the Protected Landscape of the Arriba Fossil of the Costa da Caparica, the following landscape units were thus defined:
 Terras da Costa - defined by the type of current land use, being very distinct from the surrounding and with a preponderant role in the way of life of the population. It is located in the plain between the dune cord, currently occupied with the urban agglomerate of the Costa de Caparica, and the Arriba Fossil. The origin of the landowners in the Terras da Costa is associated with the need to guarantee forms of subsistence on farms, in addition to fishing, which has transformed the extensive existing juncal. Some archaeological finds, on the coastal platform, reveal that the first human settlements in this zone occurred in the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. However, the settlement of populations in the coastal plain only occurred at the end of the eighteenth century, with the creation of the Costa de Caparica, a place where fishermen from Ílhavo settled, which compensated for the seasonality of fishing activity with agriculture in the fertile Lands of Coast;
 Arriba Fossil and Coastline - is characterized by the structure that presents, a sequence of narrow narrow strips, which, however, form a homogeneous unit. Set on a sandy substrate (beach sands, dunes or slope deposits) is the beach line, which is followed by the dune cord, an area of ​​plain that corresponds to the interior dunes and finally to the top. The beautiful forms of erosion that the above presents, its geological characteristics and the extension make it a unique example in our country. From the geological point of view, this upstream, formed by a succession of subhorizontal strata of sedimentary rocks, of fossiliferous content and fluviomarinha origin, is an interesting testimony of other epochs; and
Pinhais da Charneca - is characterized mainly by the predominant vegetation cover, a continuous patch of pine forest, on sandy soils (dunes or Belverde Conglomerates) slightly waved and that is located in the upper platform of the above. This tree spot has been delapidated by the implantation of more or less dispersed houses. Within this unit stands out the presence of an area of ​​outstanding floristic and landscape value, a zone of meager pine forest with the several well-formed strata that is designated by Mata dos Medos, classified as Reserva Botânica.

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-prot/ppafcc/hist-cult

Mata dos Medos

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Species of the coastal dune system of Arriba Fóssil

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Species of the coastal dune system of Arriba Fóssil

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The coastal dune system is populated by exotic species of the genus Acacia (Acacia longifolia, A. cyanophila and acacia-virilda A. retinodes), due to plantations made in the past, with the objective of dune fixation. There are also other plant species, such as pine-meadow, beach sabina and aroeira, besides numerous herbaceous species characteristic of the dunes

Acácia-de-espigas
Acacia longifolia

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The vegetation in the frontal dune system of Arriba Fossíl

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The vegetation in the frontal dune system of Arriba Fossíl

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In the frontal dune system the vegetation is dominated by the Ammophyla arenaria reversal associated with other species unique to dune formations such as the Elymus farctus, the thistle-threshing or thistle Eryngium maritimum, the beach lamb Othantus maritimus and an armory, the Armeria pungens.

Feno-das-areias Elymus farctus,

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Species south of the Medos Forest in the upper Fossil

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Species south of the Medos Forest in the upper Fossil

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To the south of the Medos Forest are the Fears of Albufeira, a dune zone whose arboreal stratum is dominated by the pine-brave Pinus pinaster. The shrub stratum includes species such as the beach sabina and the Corema album, whose fruits (which appear only in female specimens) are edible.

Pinheiro-bravo Pinus pinaster

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The forest species of Mata dos Medos, located at the top of the fossil top

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The forest species of Mata dos Medos, located at the top of the fossil top

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The forest area of ​​Mata dos Medos, located at the top of the top, was ordered to be installed by King João V in order to avoid the advance of sand, dunes or "fears" agricultural products. With dominance of pine Pinus pinea in the tree stratum, there are still isolated examples of Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis, also known as pine-selfish, given that the pine cones are always attached to the branches. The bushy stratum is rich, especially the juniperus juniperus turbinata, the executioner Quercus coccifera (a species of oak), the aroista Pistacia lentiscus, the arbutus Arbutus unedo, the black hawthorn Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoids and the aromatic myrtle Myrtus communis. In a lower stratum there are the Lavandula luisieri rosemary and two stems - the Cistus salvifolius and the Cistus crispus.

sabina-das-praias Juniperus turbinata

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The species of flora in the dunes of Arriba Fóssil

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The species of flora in the dunes of Arriba Fóssil

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The species of the flora with the highest conservation value are Lusitanian endemisms whose distribution in the study area is confined to the dune systems, namely Armeria rouyana, Euphorbia transtagana, Juniperus navicularis, Thyme-do - Thymus capitellatus, thyme Thamus carnosus and Herniaria maritima.
In this whole area there is the presence of lichens, mainly of the genus Cladonia.

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-prot/ppafcc/flora

o cravo-das-areias Armeria rouyana

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The vegetation of the Protected Landscape of the Upper Fossil of the Costa da Caparica

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The vegetation of the Protected Landscape of the Upper Fossil of the Costa da Caparica

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The vegetation of the Protected Landscape of the Arriba Fossil of Costa da Caparica, which includes some Lusitanian and Iberian botanical endemics, is very diversified. This vegetation cover is of greater importance, due to the inclusion of this protected area in a zone of strong urban pressure.

The vegetation of the Protected Landscape of the Upper Fossil of the Costa da Caparica

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The symbol of this Protected Area is a Pecten maximus scallop, a frequent lamellibranch in the fossil deposits of the above and that lives on the sandy bottoms of the Portuguese coast.

The symbol of the Up Fossil

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"Our country has geological and geomorphological aspects of great interest, not only from a strictly scientific point of view, but also for its beautiful landscape, which must be preserved."

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"Our country has geological and geomorphological aspects of great interest, not only from a strictly scientific point of view, but also for its beautiful landscape, which must be preserved."

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The Protected Landscape of the Arriba Fossil of Costa da Caparica was classified by Decree-Law No. 168/84, dated May 22, mainly due to its exceptional geological, geomorphological and landscape value. Its most significant landscape elements are the fossil, formed by several sub-horizontal extracts of sedimentary rocks, of fossiliferous content and of fluvio-marine origin (sandstones and clays of varied colors) and the secular National Forest of the Fears, classified by the Decree No. 444/71 of October 23, as Botany Reserve due to the value of its floristic heritage.

Note: The term "fossil" is not related to the fact that there are fossils in it, but rather because it was once a true alpin, i.e. a high coast in contact with the sea. With the marine regression (descent of the sea level) it is no longer bathed by the sea, reason why it is an old up - fossil fossil.

Top Fossil of Costa da Caparica

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In the Oceanographic Museum, the visitor can get to know the fauna of the Arrábida Marine Park and the whole region where it is inserted.

It is a window to glimpse underwater life. At the same time it is possible to know the conservation problems that affect the area, sensitizing itself to support the action that the Natural Park of Arrábida plays in the region.

Location: The Oceanographic Museum is located in the Santa Maria Fortress, in Portinho da Arrábida. It is located well on the coast, between Setúbal and Sesimbra, allowing a very close contact between visitors and the marine environment.

The Fortress of St. Mary was built in 1676 by D. Pedro at the request of the friars of the Arrábida Convent to defend the coast against the attacks of the privateers. He joined an advanced guard in the line of fortifications that defended and observed the coast.

Today, the fortress is still dedicated to the protection of the coast, housing the Oceanographic Museum and a biology field laboratory of the Marine Park of the Arrábida Natural Park where studies are carried out to protect the marine coastal environment. In honor of the scientist who devoted much time to biological study and alert for the protection of this coast, the museum was recently renamed as Professor Luiz Saldanha Oceanographic Museum.

http://biomares-arrabida.ccmar.ualg.pt/museu

Oceanographic Museum

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The Protected Landscape of the Arriba Fossil of the Costa da Caparica extends along the coastline, from the agglomerate of the Costa da Caparica to the Lagoa de Albufeira, in an extension of 13 km, covering an area of ​​1599 hectares, in territory belonging to the county of Almada (parishes of Caparica, Charneca da Caparica and Costa da Caparica) and to the municipality of Sesimbra (parish of Castelo). The landscape of this Protected Area is, in general, the result of a deep humanization, although it is also relatively diversified, as a result of the characteristics and the response that natural resources have been giving throughout this ancient process of transformation.
Currently, it presents different states of conservation, if we consider as a reference a necessary balance between natural and human components. The management that each type of landscape requires, depends very much on the objective that is defined for it, namely recovery, conservation, transformation, evolution, etc.
The following landscape units were defined as follows:
 Terras da Costa - is located in the plain between the dune cord, currently occupied with the urban settlement of the Costa da Caparica, and Arriba Fóssil;
 Arriba Fossil and Coastline - based on a sandy substrate (beach sands, dunes or slope deposits) is the beach line, which is followed by the dune cord, an area of ​​plain that corresponds to the interior dunes and by end, up; and
 Pinhais da Charneca - stands out the presence of an area of ​​outstanding floristic and landscape value, a zone of pine forest with sub-forest with the several well-formed strata that is designated by Mata dos Medos.

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-prot/ppafcc/class-carac

Top fossil of Costa da Caparica

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The honey produced in the region, with a velvety flavor and very characteristic, is well-known due to the floristic wealth of the mountain range. The abundance of aromatic plants such as Rosmarinus officinalis, myrtle Myrtus communis, Cistus ladanifer, Lavandula spp., Thymus vulgaris thyme and Ulex densus, among others, coupled with the temperate nature of the winters, offers good conditions for beekeeping.

Esteva Cistus ladanifer

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The cultivation of the vineyard practiced since ancient times, due to the appropriate conditions of soil and climate, allows the production of a variety of very well-known wines.
The Moscatel variety of Setúbal is of great importance throughout the region, constituting an essential variety in the region of Palmela / Setúbal, associated with the production of white wines and the generous wine marketed under the same name.
The Setúbal Peninsula is a pioneer region in the production of wine products of recognized quality, such as the Moscatel de Setúbal, a generous wine whose production area has been delimited since 1907, despite its previous production.

Vineyards of Arrábida

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One of the traditional activities characteristic of the zone of the Park is the manufacture of Cheese of Azeitão, that has a characteristic flavor and much appreciated. It is produced in the municipalities of Setúbal, Sesimbra and Palmela and constitutes a protected designation of origin in accordance with European Union standards.
The particular characteristics of the Cheese of Azeitão are associated to environmental factors typical of the Arrábida massif, such as the climate and the limestone nature of the soil.

The Cheese of Azeitão is produced from raw sheep's milk, to which only thistle and salt are added. Its very particular and appreciated organoleptic characteristics are closely linked to the pasture flora of the Serra da Arrábida and to the use of spontaneous Cynara cardunculus thistle in the south of the country for milk coagulation.

Cardo Cynara cardunculus

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The Arrábida mountain range is one of the most beautiful and significant natural areas of Mediterranean influence. Throughout its mountains or through the shadows of its valleys and peaks, the horizon presents itself as one of the most beautiful landscapes, where the mountain range constitutes an orographic barrier between the coast and the interior, possessing also exuberant vegetation, of Mediterranean character .

Aspect of the Arrábida mountain range (® Cristina Girão Vieira).
The coastal cliffs are of a unique beauty, since they are an abrupt transition between the marine and terrestrial environments presenting escarpments with important geomorphic peculiarities, being the Risk the highest calcareous escarpment of Europe.
The slopes of the Louro mountains give a continuous framework of the Barris Valley through a ridge. The Serra de S. Luís / Gaiteiros has a central position between the valley of Barris and Alcube.
Chã da Freira offers a view over an extensive area, whose vegetal cover acquires a singular variation of tones, according to the seasons, in contrast to the constant green of the vegetation that surrounds it. The Comenda has a vegetative cover of arboreal size that stands out from the surroundings.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/hist-cult

ARRÁBIDA LANDSCAPE

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In floristic terms, it is worth noting that in the Arrábida Limestone Massif, about 1450 taxa are inventoried (Pedro, 1997), of which 90 were classified as high genetic heritage (Cruz, 1994).
From the list of floristic inventories, the following taxa should be highlighted:
 Withania frutescens, Lavatera maritima and Fagonia cretica - species of the Macaronesian element that, in Portugal, only appear in Arrábida;
 Orobanche rosmarina - endemism of the CW of Portugal, currently only known in the Chã dos Navegantes, which is located in the vicinity of Cape Espichel;
 Ulex densus - endemism of the CW of Portugal, included in Annex V of Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum - endemism of the Portuguese SW, included in Annexes II and IV to Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Pseudarrhenatherum pallens- endemism of Portugal, included in Annexes II and IV
of Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Silene longicilia - species of Annexes II and IV to Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Narcissus calcicola- Endemism of the CW of Portugal and the Barrocal Algarve, included in Annexes II and IV of Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Arabis sadina- endemism of the CW of Portugal, included in Annexes II and IV to Directive 92/43 / EEC);
 Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa - endemism of the CW of Portugal, included in Annexes II and IV of Directive 92/43 / EEC;
 Euphorbia pedroi - Arrabidian endemism, being only known 3 nuclei of this species, two of which are located between Cape Espichel and Sesimbra; and
 Convolvulus fernandesii- Arrabidian endemism and priority species included in Annexes II and IV to Directive 92/43 / EEC. Only small nuclei of this species are known in the vicinity of Chã dos Navegantes, near Cape Espichel.

Convolvulus fernandesii

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Its privileged location in the extreme western part of the European continent, together with its climatic and geological characteristics and the factors of anthropic nature that exerted their influence in the last millennia, have allowed this place to develop unparalleled natural processes throughout the history of the vegetation.
According to Gomes Pedro (1942), the vegetation of the Serra da Arrábida consists of five different physiognomic types:
 rock formation;
Char heath;
Ma scrub;
 machial; and
 kills.

The vegetation, although presenting many similarities with that of other calcareous sierras located more to the north, presents / displays unique aspects like the arboreal carrascal and the tojal.

The arboreal forms of karst Quercus coccifera, occurring in habitats particularly favorable from the point of view of soil and water regime, have relatively stable and different morphological characteristics of bushmen, which has led some authors to consider as a subspecies, Q. coccifera L. subsp. rivasmartinezii (Capelo e Costa, 2001), later proposed as a species (Capelo e Costa, 2005).

In relation to the tojal, the presence of gorse Ulex densus, endemism of the limestones of the Portuguese west center, is very frequent in the plateau of Espichel, turning the landscape in an intense yellow during the month of April.

The country's limestone regions are the richest in orchids and the Arrábida Natural Park is no exception, with about 30 taxa of the Orchidaceae family referred to the area. In particular, most of these species are associated with perennial semi-natural lawns (with dominance of Brachypodium phoenicoides), herbaceous habitats, with or without a few shrubs, that occupy extensive areas in the interior of Arrábida.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/flora

Q. coccifera L. subsp. rivasmartinezii

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The high botanical interest of the Serra da Arrábida lies in the composition of its vegetation, where the convergence of three floristic elements occurs:
 the Euro-Atlantic, dominant in the northern quadrant exposures, cooler, moister and gloomy;
 the Mediterranean, dominant in the expositions of the south quadrant, hotter, drier and brighter; and
 Macaronesian prevailing in the most marked maritime situations, the cliffs.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/flora

Flor-dos-rapazinhos
Orchis italica

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x Orchidaceae, Orchis Italica Poiret, Flor-dos-rapazinhos, wves DSC08106

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Perhaps the most significant of all religious groups in the region of Arrábida, for its exemplary integration in the south half of the mountain range on the Alportuche area, is the Arrábida Convent. This group is divided into two parts: the Old Convent and the New Convent.
The Old Convent was founded in the first decades of the 18th century. XVI by Franciscan friars, starting from an old hermitage existing in the place from the century. XIII, the Hermitage of Memory, built by Hildebrando following the miracle narrated in the legend of Santa Maria da Arrábida. In addition to this hermitage, the Old Convent included a set of six cells and a refectory, rather precarious and semi-natural structures where these early Franciscan friars were housed.
The Convento Novo began to be built in the middle of the century. XVI and initially included a church and monastery with part of kitchen and workshops. In 1863 Casa de Palmela acquired the Convent and in 1990 the convent and the surrounding area were acquired by Fundação Oriente.

The symbol of the PNA represents a guardhouse of the Old Convent against the backdrop of the mountains. The image suggests a close alliance between the natural heritage and the cultural heritage well illustrated by the insertion of the convent itself in the foothills.

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Arrábida concentrates a high biodiversity of vegetal biodiversity, thus, in 42 types and subtypes of present habitats, 10 are priority for conservation.
Habitats:
Sea and inland dunes
Marine dunes of the Atlantic coasts, the North Sea and the Baltic
Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("gray dunes")
Atlantic dalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Maritime dunes of the Mediterranean coasts
Dunes with forests of Pinus pinea or Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantic


Sclerophyllous matos
 Mediterranean arborescent bush
Rainforest bushes of Laurus nobilis
 Natural herbaceous and semi-natural formations
Natural meadows
Alysso-Sedion albi limestone rock or basophilic meadows
Semi-natural dry herbaceous formations and shrub facies
Semiarid dry grasses and shrub facies on limestone substrate (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid habitats)
Thero-Brachypodietea grass and annual subestepes

Rocky habitats and caves
Rocky slopes with chasmophilic vegetation
Calcareous slabs

Forests
Forests of temperate Europe
Alluvial forests of Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)


It is also evidenced the habitat that corresponds to low formations of euphorbiáceas next to cliffs, that in Arrábida is represented by paleoendemismo Euphorbia pedroi.

The complexity and diversity of marine habitats in the Arrábida Sea make it a biodiversity hotspot - an exceptional site from the point of view of European-wide biodiversity indexes with over 1400 species recorded.

Also noteworthy is the presence of rock blocks as a particular variant of the Reef habitat - where the largest number of rare species in Portugal is located.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/habit

Arrábida Natural Park

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The Natural Park of Arrábida owes its name to the main geomorphological unit of the whole area, the so-called Arrábida mountain range, consisting of 3 axes:
 1º composed by small elevations in the surroundings of Sesimbra, by the Risco and Arrábida mountains and by the existing hills between Outão and Setúbal;
 The 2nd is formed by the Mountains of S. Luís and the Pipers; and
 the 3rd formed by the Hills of Louro and São Francisco.

The orientation of the mountain range is ENE-OSO (alpine orientation) presenting a length of about 35 km and an average width of 6 km. The maximum altitude is 501 m in Formosinho anticline.
To the north of the mountain range extends a vast area of ​​plain that presents its greater width near the western limit of the Park, narrowing, progressively, as one moves towards this one. The coast is quite rocky, cut by small bays with beaches of white sand surmounted by escarpments.
The mountainous region of Arrábida, and the area of ​​the plain that circumscribes it, has a great diversity of soils, due to the multivariate constitution of the rocky materials that constitute the mother rock. The great majority of the soils is of sedimentary origin appearing, nevertheless, some eruptive intrusions. All the modeling visible today in Arrábida depends not only on aspects related to tectonics and erosion but also those related to the geology of the area consisting largely of calcareous and dolomitic or detrital rocks.
The coast is quite rocky, cut by small bays with white sand beaches and usually topped by escarpments that have considerable heights.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/class-carac

Arrábida Natural Park

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http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/resource/ap/rnet/flora

Rosmaninho - Lavandula sp

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Flowers adapted to the fresh water in the Tejo estuary

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Flowers adapted to the fresh water in the Tejo estuary

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Where the tide arrives less often or there is fresh water flow, there is a procession of plants that includes the valerde-marshes Suaeda vera, the Aster tripolium mussel, the Puccinellia maritima moraine, the muller-bastard Inula crithmoides, the limonium Limonium spp. and the Atriplex halimus. Further upstream, where the salinity of the waters is quite low, the Scirpus maritimus junction and the Phragmites australis reed dominate the shores forming extensive canycal spots.

Malmequer-da-praia-
Aster tripolium

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FLOWER ADAPTED TO SALTED WATERS IN THE TEJO ESTUAR

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FLOWER ADAPTED TO SALTED WATERS IN THE TEJO ESTUAR

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Spartina maritima, commonly known as morraça, is the pioneer grass in the colonization of consolidated vases. This species well adapted to the prolonged immersion of salt water forms here and there, islets on the edges of the marsh, creating conditions necessary for the development of other species such as the white grass Halimione portulacoides and the Sarcocornia fruticosa grass. These species play a key role in the composition, structure and dynamics of marsh. Other grasses present are Sarcocornia perenne, Salicornia nitens and Arthrocnemum spp.

Spartina maritima

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In the terrestrial environment (mouchões, Lezíria sul and Pancas area), the natural vegetation consists mainly of herbaceous species that form natural pastures or grow spontaneously on the edges of cultivated fields, natural pastures, stubble and initial stages of cultivation. Shrubby and arboreal species develop in a narrow sandy strip that crosses the clay fields of the sorzia downstream of Sorraia, as well as in the semi-natural hedge that delimits the Pleistocene terraces at the nascent boundary of this Protected Area.

Mouchões in the Tejo Estuary

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In the aquatic environment itself, the existence of phytoplankton (primary production estimated at 4,400 tons of carbon / year, throughout the estuarine area) is still to be noted; of microfitobentos, predominantly constituted by unicellular algae from the diatomaceous group that proliferate on the surface of the vasas and sands, making photosynthesis while they are exposed to light during the empty tide (estimated primary production in a value close to 11,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area); and of macrophytic algae, represented mainly by the Fucus vesiculosus, the sea bass Ulva lactuca and the gracilaria Gracilaria verrucosa (primary production estimated at 4,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area).

Alface-do-mar-  Ulva lactuca

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In the vegetation of the Natural Reserve of the Tejo Estuary stands out the vast halophytic (i.e., salt tolerant) or marshland that borders the estuary.
Consisting mainly of grasses and small shrubs, which colonize the compacted vasa soils on the estuarine banks as far as the tides arrive, it represents the continuity of primary productivity between the aquatic and terrestrial environments.
 These vascular plants are the main primary producers of the estuary, with their annual biomass production estimated at 17,790 tons. of carbon / year.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/r-nat/rnet/flora

Vegetation of the Natural Reserve of the Tagus Estuary

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It is a wetland of major importance at national and European level. It has a very high biodiversity and exceptional landscape diversity.
In addition to its outstanding landscape and environmental value, the Tejo Estuary has important economic values: for port activities, for river transport, for fish reproduction and settlement of the coastal strip, for the development of aquaculture (fish, molluscs), saliculture and recreational boating.
The riverside areas of the municipalities of Lisbon, Oeiras, Loures, Almada, Seixal, Barreiro, Moita, Montijo, Alcochete and part of the riverside area of ​​the municipality of Vila Franca de Xira are in this area. In the municipality of Benavente, the agglomerates of Porto Alto and Arados are partially inserted in this area.
http://www.ccdr-lvt.pt/pt/estuario-do-tejo-e-area-de-reserva-natural/9943.htm

Rio Tejo - Ponte 25 de Abril