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Cell division without growth: the first few divisions of a zygote

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Multipotent cells are more limited than pluripotent but they can still develop into more than one cell type.

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Pluripotent cells are able to form the 3 basic body cells (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). In stem cell research they can produce any cell or tissue needed for the body to repair itself.

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A totipotent cell is formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. It is has the ability to form any of the 220 cells found in an embryo.

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Once the zygote has become a blastocyst, it will attach itself to the wall of the uterus for the remainder of the pregnancy.

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Differentiation involves an increase in the number of cell types which will begin to form organs and tissue.

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The formation of an organism through the differentiation of cells.

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The process in which a single layer of cells forms the 3 germ layers.

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Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects Animations Medical

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Animation is derived from Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia, "Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects", 8th edition. Elsevier, 2012.

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When sperm meets the egg to become a zygote. Once a sperm enters, the membrane depolarizes so that nothing else can get in.

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The umbilical cord transports blood with nutrients to the developing embryo and takes blood with waste from the embryo.

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A mass of cells formed from multiple cleavages of a zygote.

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Formed from the chorion, the placenta provides oxygen and nourishment to the growing baby once it has formed after the first trimester, and it also removes waste from the babies blood.

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Embryo development is divided into 3 stages: the germinal stage,the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage. Rapid cell division occurs during germinal stage. During the embryonic stage, all major organs are formed. Rapid growth of the fetus occurs during the fetal stage, respiratory and digestive systems begin to work independently.

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A gastrula is formed after a blastocyst goes under differentiation and forms the three primary germ layers.

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The yolk sac provides the fetuses blood supply, and allows it to have a different blood type than the mother. It is also a circulatory system for the fetus before the placenta forms and takes over.

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The chorion is formed by embryonic mesoderm and double trophoblasts, and will become the placenta which will secrete estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium.

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The innermost germ layer, and is the building blocks for the pancreas, thyroid, digestive tract, GI tract, and other internal structures.

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The amnion is a protective layer surrounding the embryo which fills with amniotic fluid to protect the developing embryo from damage that would otherwise be caused by impact to a mothers stomach

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The inner cell mass is the part of the blastocyst that will become the embryo and some of it's membranes.

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The extra-embryonic membrane that turns into the umbilical cord, comes from the word sausage in Greek. Helps produce blood cells with the yolk sac.

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This is where differentiation occurs, forms when a fertilized egg is in it's second stage of growth.

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The four membranes that support the developing embryo

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The germ layers form some of the first cells that design specific types of tissue.

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The mesoderm is the middle germ layer. It contains muscles, bone, blood, reproductive structures, and connective tissue.

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A zygote is an ovum that has been fertilized by sperm.

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The Ectoderm is the outermost of the 3 germ layers. Contains hair, skin, nails, and nervous system.

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HCG is the hormone that is present if a pregnancy test is positive, maintains the corpus luteum.