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The U.S islands

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Guam is located in the Continent of Oceania. Additionally, it is the 199th largest nation in terms of land area.

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Located in the continent of Oceania & Australia. Guam covers 544.00 square kilometers of land and has a population of 183286

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Was Guam's opposition to U.S. control from the native inhabitants or otherwise?-Adriana

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Was Guam's opposition to U.S. control from the native inhabitants or otherwise?-Adriana

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There was no opposition.

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How does the U.S. control Guam?-Steve & Adriana

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How does the U.S. control Guam?-Steve & Adriana

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The US, having supreme power over Guam and its inhabitants, could sell Guam, give it away, or set it free (as in the case of Cuba), thereby restoring sovereignty. The US could also enter into an agreement with Guam for free association or commonwealth.

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What purpose does Guam serve today?-Steve

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What purpose does Guam serve today?-Steve

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Guam is also the largest landfall for communications, shipping, and military installations on the nearly 3,000-mile north-axis from Japan to Papua New Guinea and Australia.

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What is the current economic situation of Guam? Population? What kind of government do they have?-Adriana

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What is the current economic situation of Guam? Population? What kind of government do they have?-Adriana

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In 2016, Guam’s economy grew 0.3%. Despite slow growth, Guam’s economy has been very stable over the last decade. The population of Guam is 167,358.  The kind of government they have is a presidential democracy; a self-governing unincorporated territory of the US.

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Guam

Corruption, vendettas, lobbies, financial scandals, and sexual abuses. Everything seems to intertwine in Guam, the largest island of the Mariana Archipelago in the Western Pacific Ocean, most recently under the international spotlight because of North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un's threats to bomb the island's US military bases. The threat of nuclear annihilation is one more worry to be laid on the faithful of Guam, a flock already deeply disturbed by the scandals engulfing the Archdiocese of Agaña-scandals which have paralyzed a church which in the landscape of the Pacific distinguished itself for its liveliness, making up about 85% of the island's 160,000 inhabitants: a statistic not irrelevant in a part of the world where every trace of Catholicism is gradually disappearing.

Right now, the island is awaiting the verdict of the canonical trial of their archbishop, seventy-two year old Capuchin Anthony Apuron, who has suspended himself from any office after being charged with sexual abuses of minors following allegations relating to his time as a priest over forty years ago.

But what might seem at first glance like another sad story of a pedophile priest on closer inspection becomes a much more complex account of rivalries, plotting, power games, and sex scandals (real or invented) and media campaigns. All this played out on a tiny island where most of the population is related by blood. It is, in short, a feuilleton much darker than what up to now has emerged on the media, which Vatican Insider has sought to reconstruct in details through statements gathered by local witnesses, records, and documents which we have been granted access to.

Guam and the project to transform it into the "Las Vegas of the Pacific"

Everything began in 2002, when a group of Chinese entrepreneurs first laid eyes on the Accion Hotel in Yona, built as a Japanese resort in 2000 but which soon ended up in bankruptcy and set among 20 hectares of seaside property. When it first opened, the property was valued at between $60-80 million. David Lujan, their local lawyer, was authorized to offer $5 million for the site. The idea was to transform the hotel into a grand casino; this was part of a larger strategical project aiming at turning the island of Guam into a "Las Vegas of the Pacific" which would attract gamblers from China, Russia, Japan and Korea. It was an ambitious project, one which came to involve Mark Anthony Brown, the former Chairman of Trump Hotels & Casinos Inc., which would have produced millionaire earnings but also would have imported crime, prostitution, and drugs into the island, as Archbishop Apuron said and who always opposed the project because casinos "don't bring money but moral misery."

The Japanese owners refused Lujan's offer. Meanwhile Archbishop Apuron, under advice of close collaborators, bid $2 million (raised from donations) for it, to turn the bankrupt hotel into a Redemptoris Mater seminary, whose vocations and formators would come from the Neocatechumenal Way, an ecclesial reality widely present on the island since 1996 and of which Apuron was a strong supporter. The Archbishop's hope was to offer a point of reference for the formation of young future priests for the area of the Pacific to solve the crisis of the religious orders traditionally present in the different island and serve as a bulwark against the increasing investments of people and resources being poured into the Pacific by the Church of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses.

The Birth of the Redemptoris Mater and the Theological Institute

Apuron's offer for the property was accepted. After signing a contract establishing the restriction of usage of the premises for educational purposes, the new Redemptoris Mater Seminary formally opened in 2004. One year later, the "Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores S.J." Theological Institute was born. It was sponsored by 31 bishops of the Pacific and affiliated with the Pontifical Lateran University by the decision of its former rector, Archbishop Rino Fisichella, and its dean of the Faculty of Theology, Ignazio Sanna. The birth of the Institute, which houses a library with over 30,000 books, was greeted with enthusiasm by many Australian, Filipino and American prelates who visited it over the years. The seminary was home to more than forty students who came from all over the world to train for service in the Pacific. Seventeen of these men were ordained to the priesthood and entered ministry in Guam or served as missionaries on the nearby island of Saipan, China, and the mainland United States. But today, both the seminary and the theological institute are set to be shut down by Archbishop Michael J. Byrnes, who has been serving as coadjutor archbishop of Guam.

A Very Powerful Monsignor

But to understand the decisions taken in recent months, it's necessary to take a step back and consider the figure of the influential Msgr. James Benavente, known in Guam for his threefold role as rector of the Cathedral in Agaña, chief administrator of the archdiocesan cemeteries, and director of the prominent St. Thomas Catholic School. Benavente, who boasts a close friendship with Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, has been the subject of considerable criticism (and more than a little speculation) for some of his behaviors and especially for the luxury with which he surrounds himself, including cars, houses (three acquired for himself) and a whole compound for his family, first-class air travel, expensive restaurants and exclusive parties. Among the official archdiocesan documents shown to Vatican Insider, invoices and receipts were kept ranging from $9,000 to $17,000 for accommodations in five-star resorts and hotels like the Saipan World Center and the Makati Shangri-La in Manila.

Benavente is also head of the Finance Council of the Archdiocese of Agaña, which in 2002 was overwhelmed by a super-typhoon causing millions of dollars in damages. Under Apuron's management, the debts incurred by the Archdiocese following the disaster had been reduced to a manageable level. However, several financial holes emerged in three archdiocesan entities: the cathedral, the archdiocesan cemeteries, and St. Thomas Catholic School. These three institutions accounted for outstanding debts of $7 million and a half, as documented by the Agaña Archdiocese's Finance Council report.

In 2011, these issues were submitted to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the Vatican department responsible for Guam. The Congregation's prefect, Cardinal Fernando Filoni, asked for a full audit to clarify the matter but the audit was blocked. There were "significant accounting deficiencies" and difficulty detecting income and expenditures in the entities managed by Monsignor Benavente.

Apuron Reforms the Archdiocesan Finance Council

Following the unsuccessful audit, Apuron summoned the six members of the Archdiocesan Finance Council, asking them for an explanation and solutions. Benavente-regarded as a "godson" of lawyer David Lujan-submitted a proposal to sell the Redemptoris Mater Seminary and use the proceeds to cover the financial holes and thus avoid public scandal. "Over my dead body," Apuron replied, dismissing the plan from further consideration. Despite the decision of the archdiocese's head, members of the council attempted to pass the plan. In response, Apuron dismissed the Council already out of term, ousting members such as Richard Untalan-whose presence on the council was expressly requested by Benavente-a lawyer disbarred in the late 1980s for "moral turpitude" after he was condemned by the Washington DC Court of Appeals for "criminal facilitation of a felony of second degree, theft by deception." One of Apuron's collaborators-present at the time of the events and a direct witness-reported that the archbishop, his vicar general and his chancellor received threats following this decision by Msgr. Benavente, who claimed to have important friendships within the FBI and powerful figures in the Vatican.

Deloitte & Touche fail to produce a financial report

In 2012, a blog called "Jungle Watch" was created online, attacking Archbishop Apuron and the Neocatechumenal Way, accusing them of manipulating the prelate and "colonizing" the entire Agaña diocese. The site is managed by Tim Rohr, a real estate agent employed by Msgr. Benavente and involved in the projected sale of the seminary. The online attacks became more and more violent; Apuron again appealed for help to the Congregation to the Evangelization of Peoples, which commissioned well-known independent auditing service Deloitte & Touche to conduct a review of the disarrayed finances of the Guamanian church. It ended up being difficult to conclude the audit, as stated in a document from Deloitte & Touche dated January 8, 2014, declaring it was impossible to draw "satisfactory results" from the financial statements that were analyzed. Some documents have disappeared. According to witness testimonies collected by Vatican Insider, the documents relating to Benavente's financial administration were promptly destroyed to avoid any verifications or findings.

Heavy accusations against Monsignor Benavente

Some details are still emerging, of which civil lawyer, Jacque Terlaje, former secretary of the Finance Council of Guam Catholic Cemeteries tells Vatican Insider: "As an official member of a non-profit company, I have seen countless abuses of cemetery funds that have led to great injustices against the dead and their families," she says. "For example, in cemetery funds there was no presence of 'perpetual care' responsibility in the long term to finance the care of plots sold. During the change of administration, it was discovered that there were undue appropriations and thefts that occurred within the Catholic Cemeteries. For example, the unauthorized donation of $380,000 in cemetery plots for families and friends of Monsignor James Benavente (later, one of them came back to repay the amount received). Benavente also used $13,000 of the institution's own cemeteries' funds to pay for the celebration of his 20th anniversary as a priest in July 2014."

In addition: "The review of funding from the period of 2009 to 2014 - again emphasizes the lawyer - showed that a credit card issued to the Board of Cemeteries was used solely for the use of Monsignor Benavente for meal expenses of meals in luxury restaurants, first class airfares, and overnight stays in 5-star hotels. A further $23,000 expense was tracked onto another credit card, always using cemetery funds. In a period of five years, Benavente also paid himself a total sum of $326,913.61, mixing and transferring funds between the Cemeteries and the Basilica "Dulce Nombre de Maria" (entities of which he was director) without complying with restrictions; in the sense that cemetery funds were used to pay salary employees of the Cathedral or to pay Basilica loans, or, worse, to repay personal credit card payments. This made it impossible for Deloitte & Touche to conclude the audit."

The accusations of the lawyer-who was immediately removed from the Financial Council and Cemetery Board and has ended up as the subject of threats and complaints-have been made public on the Archdiocese of Agaña website of the archdiocese www.aganaarch.org (currently, the specific page is down).

Benavente was then dismissed from his post and Archbishop Apuron formed a new board for the management of the funds of the Cathedral and Cemetery (the school has since gone bankrupt).

Propaganda Fide intervenes again

To avoid the worsening of tensions, Cardinal Filoni intervened again by sending the secretary of the Dicastery, Salesian archbishop and Hong Kong native Savio Hon Tai-Fai on an "information-gathering visit" in January 2015. The prelate remained on the island for fifteen days. In these two weeks, he made several changes in the Church of Guam and carried out interrogations on his own initiative in collaboration with the Apostolic Administrator of the Pacific and nuncio Martin Krebs, a German from Essen.

In the meantime, while the online accusations against Monsignor Apuron continued, Deacon Steven Martinez, a member of the Financial Council, created together with other fellow members a group called Concerned Catholics of Guam whose main goal-among other things-was to "monitor the corruption" of the Archbishop. To this end sit-ins were organized in front of the Cathedral through a website updated in real time, where signs were shown asking for Apuron's resignation or his dismissal from the clerical state. The leaders of the group were Gregory Perez, president, and David Sablan, vice president, whose name has recently made headlines for an embezzlement case currently being investigated by the US Federal Government .

After a brief respite of a few months, in May 2016 an ad by Tim Rohr appeared in every newspaper on the island inviting anyone who had been a victim or had knowledge of abuse perpetrated by Apuron in the years 1976-77, when he was pastor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel parish to "come forward". The ad appeared over the course of a month in every newspaper. After a few days, four people came forward, among them Roy Taitague Quintanilla, who alleged having been abused forty years earlier when, at the age of 12, he was an altar boy for Father Apuron who, according to his allegations, had taken him by night in his own home to rape him. However, Vatican Insider has learned that statements were made by multiple former altar boys to the tribunal who maintain that they had never seen Quintanilla in the parish and that the parish activities were always carried out in groups and never alone.

Together with Quintanilla other people came forward who, crying in front of the cameras, claimed to have been molested. Tim Rohr, as heard in the recording of an interview by Patti Arroyo on the K57 Newstalk radio, publicly boasted, "it took me four days to publish an ad to find Roy and to pay a ticket for him from Hawaii" and to coordinate the group of victims and relatives suggesting to them "what to say and when to cry", as well as encouraging them to hire David Lujan as their lawyer.

"Your Holiness, I am innocent"

Not even five hours after the release of the accusations, Nuncio Krebs called Apuron from abroad-as he kept doing for the entire following week-to ask him to tender his immediate resignation at the behest of the Pope. However, it is precisely to the Pope to whom Apuron wanted to turn to in order to discuss the situation. He left for Rome to ask an audience to the Pontiff and met him in St. Peter's Square at the end of the General Audience of May 24th, 2016. During the kissing of the hand, Apuron told Pope Francis: "Your Holiness, I am innocent; I would like a private audience with you." Bergoglio called an aide asking to set a date. That audience though, would never take place.

The archdiocese tries to defend its bishop

In the meantime, the archdiocese tried to intervene in defense of its bishop and contacted the Denver based law firm "Lewis Roca", one of the most important in the US in the field of sexual abuses related to the Catholic Church, often consulted by the US Bishop's Conference. The firm "Lewis Roca" accepted to represent the archdiocese and Apuron for free, agreeing on a potential percentage of the damages just in the case of a judicial victory. At the same time, David Lujan filed suit against the bishop and the archdiocese for slander because they declared that the abuse accusations were false.

Apuron suspends himself, Hon Tai-Fai arrives as apostolic administrator "sede plena"

At this point Apuron decided to suspend himself from all his duties and asked the Holy See to name an apostolic administrator to bring back peace and order on the island and give him the possibility to defend himself from the accusations. The Vatican granted the request and on June 6, 2016 a bulletin of the Vatican Press Room announced the appointment of the secretary of Propaganda Fide, Monsignor Savio Hon Tai-Fai, as apostolic administrator sede plena of Guam. For the moment Apuron has been kept in his post as archbishop, although deprived of any authority. He sent a video message to the faithful in which he reaffirmed his innocence and announced the imminent changing of the guard by inviting them to receive "with open arms" the new apostolic administrator representing a sign on the part of the Pope of his will to "reestablish the truth" and which would "allow me to defend myself from the false allegations made against me."

The general restructuring

Monsignor Hon arrived in the Marianas a few weeks after his appointment and in his first move asked that all priests, especially those formed in the Redemptoris Mater seminary, to resign as "proof of loyalty to me and to the Church." Some accepted, others resisted. Accusations began to be thrown against those who didn't give in immediately, some even of sexual nature, or else they were sent back to their countries of origin. Two Samoan bishops were forced to recall the seminarians they had sent to study in Guam. David Quitugua, the vicar general who was appointed by Apuron rector of the cathedral in place of Benavente, was removed. The same fate befell then-chancellor Adrian Cristobal (a Chamorro, native of Guam) and his deputy Alberto Rodriguez. The pastors of the four biggest and most populous parishes of the archdiocese of Agana lost their posts. Among them was Monsignor Brigido Arroyo, old and already near retirement, much loved by the parish community of St. Anthony which knew him as "Father Bibi." Hon also altered the board charged with sorting out the cemetery funds and in place of Quitugua, entrusted the cathedral to Fr. Paul Gofigan, who had been removed two years earlier.

Father Gofigan and the convicted felon

At this point we need to take a step back and recall that Archbishop Apuron had dismissed Father Gofigan after having received complaints and pressure regarding the fact that the priest was living in the parish together with a former convict, Joseph Lastimoza, 54, who had been sentenced to life for raping and killing a 25-year-old flight attendant from New York in 1981 and to have tried to do the same with other women. Released on parole in 2002, Lastimoza had the keys ofto the neighboring kindergarten "Santa Barbara Catholic School"parish, where he was head of maintenance., which sits next to the "Santa Barbara Catholic School." Several parents had voiced to Apuron, in person, by letter, or email their objections to the fact that a convicted felon had such freedom of movement in a place attended by women and children. Moreover, it is the same law of Guam that states that any person convicted of serious sexual crimes "cannot be employed, directly or through an independent contractor" in a sector such as "a school or an education institution while children are present."

In 2004 Lastimoza's name had been entered for life in the first level of the Sex Offenders Register of Guam's judicial system, following an impassioned letter written to the local press by military veteran David Mills, now living in New York, who had followed the case at the time. At that point Apuron, after having given a warning already two years earlier, asked Gofigan repeatedly to send off Lastimoza, given that his presence was in violation of current laws. The priest did not comply with the bishop's indication and hence, under counsel of Archdiocese's lawyer Edward Terlaje, decided to remove him.

The removal of this priest, who was also the founder of the movement "Rainbow Mercy" for young gay Catholics, has often been characterized by "Jungle Watch" commentators as an outcome of the Neocatechumenal Way manipulations.

Meanwhile, even before the trial was set in motion, Hon granted interviews and issued declarations in press conferences declaring Apuron guilty even before the trial began, and accusedaccusing the archbishop of being a "liar" for denying the abuses. Then he publicly rehabilitated Benavente and reinstated him as pastor of the most populous parish in Guam, member of the Financial Council (with him also Richard Untalan is reappointed) and as member of the committee for cemetery funds. Furthermore, the Apostolic Administrator sede plena rescinded the contract with the Lewis Roca and in its place hired "Swanson & McNamara", a very expensive law firm from San Francisco. He also started a series of interrogations of priests and seminarians from the Redemptoris Mater during which seminarians were placed before a crossroads: to obey Apuron or "an archbishop invested by the powers of God." As a consequence, the Redemptoris Mater underwent a dramatic reduction in numbers: from 40 to little less of 15 seminarians.

Hon Recalled to Rome, Replaced by New Coadjutor, USA's Byrnes

During Hon's five month stay in Guam, Pope Francis received three letters updating him on the situation. They never received a direct response. But on October 31st of 2016- - after having asked Filoni to quickly find a candidate to replace him- - Francis recalled Savio Hon to Rome and appointed an archbishop coadjutor, American prelate Michael Jude Byrnes, then auxiliary bishop of Detroit, to guide the diocese, which was by now falling apart. Before departing, Hon gave a lengthy interview to Pacific Daily News suggesting the course of action his successor should take. Four days before Byrnes' arrival on the island, he also submitted a packet containing a series of documents on the island's finances and a letter insisting that the Redemptoris Mater's statutes be modified and that the restriction of use be eliminated. This choice, which was taken to safeguard a diocesan good, but which instead, according to its detractors, took would take away any right Apuron had over the property (accusations disproved by the fact that with a simple signature, Byrnes has eliminated the restriction of use).

The Redemptoris Mater to close, the Theological Institute affiliated with the Lateran suspended

In Rome, Monsignor Savio Hon went to the Congregation for Catholic Education - according to the Congregation's officials account - to ask for the suspension of the renewal of the affiliation of the Theological Institute with the Pontifical Lateran University, which had been already renewed for another ten years. According to a news report from August 29, 2017, Byrnes announced the closure of the Seminary and the Institute. In the last few weeks Byrnes has removed four priests from the diocesan Presbyteral Council, accusing them of insubordination for having written a letter to cardinal Filoni informing him of the intention to sell the building in Yona, information requested by the same cardinal himself. Monsignor Benavente instead was given all previously held assignments with an added appointment as delegate for the Archdiocese's Patrimony.

Cardinal Burke's Investigation

Regarding the sex abuse allegations against Apuron, the world awaits the verdict from the "First Instance Tribunal" presided by Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke- an outspoken critic of Pope Francis and one of the signatories of the so-called "dubia" published in the wake of Amoris Laetitia. When on February 17 of this year Francis sent the cardinal to the Marianas to investigate the Guam case, many read the move as a "punishment" or "exile." But in light of the facts, it seems more likely that the Pope's pick was actually rooted more in the cardinal's remarkable competence shown over the years as Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Segnatura. In about two weeks' time, the American prelate gathered the documents and statements to be submitted to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, personally travelling not only to Guam but to Hawaii, San Francisco, Phoenix and the East Coast to listen to alleged victims, many of whom-as reported by local media at the time-refused to meet the cardinal if not in the presence of their lawyer David Lujan.

Waiting For The Verdict

Burke and four other judges-all bishops-are expected to issue the verdict on Msgr. Apuron's innocence or guilt soon, -a decision expected to have been issued last August 4th but which appears to have been delayed. Perhaps because of the outside pressures on the cardinal himself, who is said to have privately expressed surprise at the influence of external lobbies on the island. If Apuron were declared guilty, the decision will have canonical-not civil-consequences. "The fact that the Pope granted this process to a bishop indicates that the Church wants to reestablish due process," explains one canon lawyer to Vatican Insider. If he is declared innocent, it won't be easy for him to return to the head of Guam's archdiocese, given the damage to his public image. Nevertheless the archbishop has privately confided his willingness to do so, albeit with the help of an auxiliary bishop. In any case, it's hard to imagine the words "The End" marking any kind of conclusion to this turbulent story.

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The Guam problem, a diocese rocked by financial and sexual scandal

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Vatican Insider reconstructs the story leading up to the trial of Archbishop Anthony Apuron, now awaiting his verdict by the Tribunal presided by Cardinal Burke in the coming days. An island in the midst of corruption, intrigues, abuses and power plays

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April of 1898

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The tiny western Pacific island of Guam has been a U.S. territory for over a century, and is considered a strategically important link between the U.S. and Asia. Yet given its significance, the story of how an island 6,000 miles from California become an American territory is surprisingly short.

The only reason America annexed Guam and its Chamorro inhabitants all those years ago was because the U.S. was at war with Spain. When the Spanish-American War broke out in April of 1898, Guam was under Spanish control (as it had been since the 1600s). The U.S. was actually more interested in conquering the Spanish Philippines, but it figured it needed to take Guam to secure the larger territory. The Philippines and Guam are only 1,500 miles apart.

In June of that year, the U.S. sent the second USS Charleston (C-2) to capture the island. When the ship arrived, the Americans on board sent up warning signals to let the Spanish know they were there, says Dr. Diana L. Ahmad, a professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology.

"They of course expected the Spanish to respond in some sort of war-like manner, defending their island and so forth," she says. "But there was no response from them at all."

The Americans were confused because they didn't know what was going on. Why wasn't anyone responding to the declaration that they were there to attack?

In a couple of hours, a boat of Spanish authorities sailed over to the Charleston to talk with the Americans. When they reached the ship, the Spanish apologized for not responding to what they'd perceived as a salute or greeting from the Americans-in other words, the Spanish thought the Americans' signals had been a polite knock on the door.

"The Americans just looked at them and said, 'No, we're at war,'" Ahmad says.

Turns out, the Spanish stationed on the remote island hadn't known they were two months into the Spanish-American War. Once the parties established that they were enemies, the Americans sent a letter to the Spanish governor of Guam giving him 30 minutes to surrender.

"A couple of the documents I've read said he took until the 29th minute to respond," Ahmad says. However long he took, "the island of Guam surrendered and it became American. It was that simple."

Afterwards, the Americans "stayed for about 24 to 36 hours" before sailing away again, she says. "They left no Americans in charge of the island and even took the flag [they'd raised] with them." It was the first and last event in the Spanish-American War that ever took place in Guam, and it was completely bloodless.

When the U.S. won the war, it made Guam an official U.S. territory. Guamanians, as the U.S. government calls them, are now U.S. citizens by birth. However, unlike citizens in America's 50 states, they cannot vote for president. And just like citizens of Washington D.C. and the other U.S. territories-Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa-Guam's 162,000 people have no voting representatives in Congress.

Though political movements have sought to either incorporate Guam as a state or liberate it from the U.S., Ahmad doesn't see that happening in the near future. But she thinks that if the U.S. is going to keep Guam as a nebulous non-state in order to benefit from its strategic location, it should play more of a role in improving the island's strained infrastructure.

Most recently, Guam has asked the U.S. to help de-escalate the threat posed by North Korea. On August 9, 2017, the people of Guam woke up to read that Kim Jong-un was considering a nuclear attack on their island. Shortly thereafter, North Korea released a statement saying it "will complete a plan by mid-August for the 'historic enveloping fire at Guam,'" according to the Associated Press.

"I've reached out to the White House this morning," Eddie Baza Calvo, the governor of Guam, said in a video address that day. "An attack or threat on Guam is a threat or attack on the United States. They have said that America will be defended."

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How the United States Ended Up With Guam

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The tiny western Pacific island of Guam has been a U.S. territory for over a century, and is considered a strategically important link between the U.S. and Asia. Yet given its significance, the story of how an island 6,000 miles from California become an American territory is surprisingly short.

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Guam, some thirty miles long and ten miles wide, is the largest of the Mariana Islands!

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Guam's climate is tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation

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Guam was acquired because they were part of a trans-Pacific line of communications (In a manner similar to the Spaniards to support the newly acquired Philippines.)

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Interpretive essay: Location, harbor proves worth

The strategic significance of Guam is due to the enduring importance of its location and its topography to major maritime nations in the Pacific Ocean. Guam, some thirty miles long and ten miles wide, is the largest of the Mariana Islands, an archipelago of high volcanic islands in Micronesia, a huge expanse of small islands scattered across the western Pacific.

On the axis that crosses 5,000 miles of the Pacific between Hawai'i and Asia, Guam is the only island with both a protected harbor and sufficient land for major airports. Guam is also the largest landfall for communications, shipping, and military installations on the nearly 3,000-mile north-axis from Japan to Papua New Guinea and Australia. This geography means that whoever controls Guam has access by air and sea to China to the west, to Hawai'i and North America to the east, to Southeast Asia from the north and to Japan from the south. These geopolitical factors make Guam a valuable strategic nexus similar to other small island bastions in military history and maritime trade such as Hawai'i, Gibralter, Malta and Singapore.

Good stop for provisions

The importance of Guam was recognized by Spain after Ferdinand Magellan made the first European landfall there in 1521 on the way to the Philippines and the first circumnavigation of the world. In the following decades Guam became a necessary stop for provisions for Spanish Galleons on their voyages from Mexico to Manila in pursuit of trade with China.

These stopovers led Jesuit missionaries in 1668 to initiate conversion of the native Chamorro people of the Marianas to Catholicism at first by choice and, after a rebellion, by force of arms (and to name the islands for Spain's Queen Mariana). To protect the missionaries and its line of communications across the Pacific from other European powers, Madrid stationed solders on Guam under a military governor.

After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States kept Guam as a part of a trans-Pacific line of communications (including the islands of Hawai'i, Midway and Wake) in a manner similar to the Spaniards to support the newly acquired Philippines. Guam was then needed as a coaling station for steam-powered ships. After the Americans neglected to acquire Spain's other islands in Micronesia, another expanding military power - Imperial Germany - purchased the northern Mariana Islands and the rest of Micronesia from Spain in 1899.

Close to Asia

World War I brought a modernizing and powerful Japan into Micronesia to replace a defeated Germany. The Japanese soon viewed Guam and the Philippines as obstacles in their southward march to gain access to the raw materials of Southwest Asia for Japan's growing industries. Both Japan and America began to plan for war against each other (called War Plan Orange by the US Navy) with Guam an obvious target for Japan. In response, the Americans initiated human and radio intelligence gathering in Micronesia and Asia from Guam.

Strategic rivalries in the Pacific were temporarily calmed in 1922 by the Washington Naval Conference at which treaties were signed limiting the number of warships the five major naval powers could construct. Washington officials, to the dismay of the US Navy, agreed to halt any fortification of Guam for ten years. A geopolitical calm then settled over the western Pacific. However, the agreement was not renewed in 1932. And in 1941 the poorly fortified island of Guam was quickly taken over by the Japanese.

Having lost Guam, the Americans had to fight their way westward from Hawai'i and northward from Australia, in bloody battles across Micronesia. After the Americans re-occupied the Marianas in 1944, the islands became launch pads for their air assault on Japan that culminated in the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Tokyo's surrender. Thereafter the Pacific Ocean became - and remains - American, with Guam a Gibralter in the center of Micronesia.

During the cold war that followed, military bases on Guam were a deterrence against the Soviet Union in the American strategy of forward deployment around the edges of Asia. America used Guam to harbor nuclear missile submarines, long-range bombers, satellite and underwater cable communications centers, large facilities for electronic intelligence gathering, and stockpiles of conventional and nuclear weapons. Updated versions of these weapons systems and facilities remain in place on Guam.

Simultaneously, the federal government used Guam to serve American interests as a support base for the Korean War in 1949-53, a base for B-52 bombers in the Vietnam war of 1965-73 (and a haven for South Vietnamese refugees in 1975), as well as a logistical link to the U.S. base on Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean for the 1991 Gulf War and the Iraq War that began in 2003.

Throughout all those wars, the people of Guam remained loyal to the United States despite the fact that Guam is an American colony without full self-government. Now, as of 2017, Guam is being prepared for redeployment of a Marine Corps brigade from Okinawa, additional Air Force units, and regular visits from Navy aircraft carriers as America continues its strong presence in the Asian region.

For further reading

Rogers, Robert F. Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 1995.

Valle, Teresa del. The Importance of the Mariana Islands to Spain at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Marjorie G. Driver. MARC Educational Series 11. Mangilao, GU: University of Guam Richard F. Taitano Micronesian Area Research Center, 1991.

Webb, James H., Jr. Micronesia and U.S. Pacific Strategy: A Blueprint for the 1980s. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974.

Willens, Howard P., and Dirk A. Ballendorf. The Secret Guam Study. Mangilao, GU: University of Guam Richard F. Taitano Micronesian Area Research Center and Saipan, CNMI: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historic Preservation, 2004.

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The strategic significance of Guam is due to the enduring importance of its location and its topography to major maritime nations in the Pacific Ocean. Guam, some thirty miles long and ten miles wide, is the largest of the Mariana Islands, an archipelago of high volcanic islands in Micronesia, a huge expanse of small islands scattered across the western Pacific.

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Guam is three times the size of Washington, DC!