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Chloroplasts allow plants to make their own food using the sun. The Chloroplast is like a little solar panel in a cell! In comparison, cells without chloroplasts would be like a dirty old oil drill because they use energy they find in the environment.

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Light reactions taking place in the thylakoid

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Just look at how the chloroplast makes that sugar!

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Just look at how the chloroplast makes that sugar!

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Chloroplasts are Plastids. This means that they are actually Prokaryotic cells that have their own DNA but live inside of a larger cell. These cells inside cells are the decedents of singular events where a prokaryotic cell entered a eukaryotic one and they formed a mutualistic relationship where the chloroplasts provide sugar for the plant cell.

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"What it do, Chlorodude?"

Photosynthesis Yo:
The primary function of chloroplasts is to produce sugars using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. this makes Plant cells autotrophic because chloroplasts allow them to produce their own food. Chloroplasts are the most important Organelle because they allow plants to make their own energy and be strong, independent, organisms! From sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide the chloroplast makes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the Crebbs Cycle and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) which is used to transfer energy in light reactions.

Immune system player:
Plant cells do not have designated immune organelles, and so many organelles support the immune system as a secondary function. Chloroplasts support the immune system by producing highly reactive O2 chemicals called relative oxygen species when infected with a pathogen. this aids in the hypersensitive response, where the organelle cuts itself off and undergoes programmed cell death to destroy the pathogen inside it. The release of relative oxygen species also participates in systemic acquired resistance. This is when the organelle sends signals to the rest of the cell that a pathogen has infected the cell.

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What you get with your BRAND NEW Chloroplast:

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What you get with your BRAND NEW Chloroplast:

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Outer Membrane:
This membrane allows small molecules and ions to diffuse in and out of the cell. It is also semi-porous, but it still will not let large proteins into the cell. To get large proteins in and out of the cell, chloroplasts use the TOC Complex (translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane) which acts as a gateway through the cell membrane.

Intermembrane space:
This is a 10-20 nanometer space between the inner and outer membranes.

Inner Membrane:
This membrane surrounds the stroma and controls what goes in and out of the chloroplast. the TIC (translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane) is the inner part of the gateway which allows larger proteins into the cell.

Peripheral reticulum:
Chloroplasts in some C4 plants (a more developed classification of plants that use a different form of carbon fixation) have a peripheral reticulum, a network of tubes that lead from the inner cell membrane out into the stroma and provide extra surface area and allow for better transport of nutrients in the cell.

Stroma:
The stroma is a protein-rich, aqueous, and jellylike solution inside of the Chloroplast which acts similarly to the cytosol of a cell.  It contains the nucleoids, chloroplast ribosomes, thylakoid system, and proteins that allow the chloroplast to function.

Chloroplast Ribosomes:
Ribosomes inside the chloroplast are used to process small amounts of protein. usually slightly smaller than regular ribosomes (around 17nm instead of 25nm)

Plastoglobuli:
Small balls of proteins and lipids inside the chloroplasts. more common when the chloroplast is under stress.

Starch Granules:
Starch Granules are buildups of starch inside the Chloroplast organelle. They are built up throughout the day and are used to continue cellular respiration at night when photosynthesis cannot take place.

Thylakoid System:
The thylakoid system is a collection of sacks in the stroma which contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs. these thylakoid sacks are arranged in columns called grana.

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Take a Sip of that COOL, CLEAN, SUGAR! Made FRESH by chloroplasts every day!

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Take a Sip of that COOL, CLEAN, SUGAR! Made FRESH by chloroplasts every day!

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So, what's a chloroplast look like anyway?

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So, what's a chloroplast look like anyway?

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Anonymous. “File:Plant Cell Structure-En.svg.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, October 30, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell#/media/File:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.
Song, Kevin. “Chloroplast.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Aug. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast#/media/File:Chloroplast_II.svg.
thylakoid structure
By Yuv345 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93345037
"Chloroplast". Merriam-Webster Dictionar y.
Lyttleton, J. W. (1962). "Isolation of ribosomes from spinach chloroplasts". Exp Cell Res. 26 (1): 312–317.

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Chloroplasts turn sunlight into sugar in plant cells like these!

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Chloroplasts turn sunlight into sugar in plant cells like these!