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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/harappan-culture/

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While there is some debate over the existence of a caste system in ancient Harappa, many archaeologists theorize that there was a hierarchical social structure in place. This view is supported by the architectural layout found in the walled cities. "Within Harappa, walls separated one section of the people from another, which clearly shows how the caste system existed way back," said archaeologist, and Indologist. Dr. Jamkhedkar. source

The caste system is a hierarchy and it existed in India as far back as the Harappan civilization according to Dr. Jamkhedar. The caste system had four main groups: the Brahmins consisting of priests and kings; the Kshatriyas, the warriors and aristocrats; the Vaishyas, cultivators, artisans and merchants; and the Shudras or peasants and serfs. In addition, was the concept of Varna, which depended upon the person's chosen profession. People from different varnas could live within a single family, while the caste system was hereditary and depended upon birth. The people of those times, he said, were free to choose their own varna which depended upon the education they pursued. He explained how the educated class, Brahmins had different kinds of sub-castes. Those who were to become kings had to fight to protect their kingdoms and ended up as Kshatriyas, the fighting class.

Indus rulers appear to have governed their cities through the control of trade and religion rather than military might. There is no evidence of monuments built to commemorate the rulers and there is no indication of warfare and weapons. The rulers carried seals with animal symbols and wore ornaments of rare material. Each larger city was probably organized as a city-state. There is little evidence of hereditary monarchies. Numerous large buildings and public spaces in the lower town seem to indicate the presence of several distinct elite groups. Local leaders would have been responsible for the maintenance of well-planned streets and housing, wells and drainage facilities. source Like so many of the mysteries of this society, the extent to which religion was a factor in the political rule of the Indus remains unclear.

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Indus River Valley Civilization - Societal Structure - History of Ayurveda

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While there is some debate over the existence of a caste system in ancient Harappa, many archaeologists theorize that there was a hierarchical social structure in place. This view is supported by the architectural layout found in the walled cities. "Within Harappa, walls separate

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Nomadic Aryans invaded and conquered the people of the Indus River Valley. They brought Hinduism and the caste system which was rooted in the religion. First came the gods. Next are the Brahmins, which are the priests. The kings were in the Kshatriyas class because they have to fight. The Vaishyas layer is full of specialized workers like cultivators, artisans, and merchants. After there are the Shudras consisting of peasants and serfs (laborers). Pariah ¨Harijan¨ are the outcasts or untouchables who were the lowest citizens like street sweepers and latrine cleaners. Subsequently, there is the concept of varna which was different and classed depending on the job you choose instead of being born into them.

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A huge part of the economy in the Indus River Valley was their trading. Harappans used seal carving to stamp on trade goods, those were found in Mesopotamia. Two of the Harappan´s imports were minerals from Iran, Afghanistan and jade from China. Two of their exports were lead and copper. Other trade goods found were beads, flint, seashells, pearls, lapis lazuli and turquoise. The Indus people had to transport those goods and might have even invented wheeled transport by bullock carts. They could also use the water to transport goods by boats and other watercraft they made.

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The Harappans had more extreme versions of social classes, called Castes. The castes held a variety of people from common slaves to kings/ all of their other rulers. Most of the native tribes would eventually end up forming city states (an independent territory that had a political system watching over them). The rulers were Kings- Their priests were also considered rulers. But mainly, rulers didn't rise up to power, they inherited it. From this, you can see they mainly upkept monarchism. The Harappan didn't leave much legacy for political policies, so there is a lot of mystery. In fact, we haven't really found any weapons, or evidence of much military, or any burial mounds for people of high power.

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- from October to February, winter monsoons blow dry air from the northeast westward over the country.
- from mid June to October, summer monsoons blow moist ocean air from the southwest eastward across the country

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The Indus River Valley was protected from invasion in the north by the Hindu Kush, Karakorum, and Himalayan mountain ranges and in the east by the Thar desert, giving it an ideal location.

The Indus River and the monsoons played an important role in that ideal location. Both could make agriculture easy and create an abundance of food, and both could destroy any civilization there. The river gave rich soil after flooding, but flooding was unpredictable and sometimes violent.

Summer monsoons, which blow moist air from the ocean across the country, cause powerful storms. With too much rain, floods could destroy entire villages. But, if the storms didn’t develop, droughts would. If there wasn’t enough rain, plants would wither and die, people would go hungry.

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Lily: Political and Near
Abby: Artistic and Near
Johnny: Religious and Intellectual
Jazzy: Social and Economic

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The Indus created many works of art, seen in sculptures, jewelry, pottery, and seals.
Two of the most notable sculptures, both found in Mohenjo-Daro, are the Priest-King (seen above), and the Dancing Girl. The Dancing Girl is only 4 inches tall, and shows a teenage girl with her right hand on her hip, her left on her knee, perhaps in some form of dance. The Priest-King, a figure 6 inches tall, shows a man wearing an ornamental arm band and headdress.

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The Indian civilization had a lot of religious beliefs that impacted their mindset and traditions. One of them being introduced by Ashoka called Buddhism around 6th century BC.
One great and important part of this religion is to believe and follow the 4 noble truths. The truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. This all sums up to mean that you have to acknowledge suffering exists and realize that there is an end to it and learn to deal with it and meditate. Buddhism also believes in karma the concept of rebirth and that the afterlife will be pleasant or not based on your actions in the real world. They support bringing about happiness for the good and for a pleasant outcome in the afterlife. Buddhism was a very well-known and practiced religion but was soon starting to fade when Hinduism became popular. Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara, the life cycle, reincarnation, and that living things have a soul and their all a part of a supreme soul.

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art and architecture:
worldhistory.org
harappa.com
khanacademy.org

near:
achssas.org

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Located in Mohenjo-Daro, the Great Bath was the first public water tank, measuring 12 meters by 7 meters, with a maximum 2.4 meter depth. Skillfully fitted bricks with gypsum plaster created a watertight floor, along with the layer of natural tar around the edges and probably under the floor of the bath.
Additionally, nearly every home had its own private bath, with drainage systems and water tight floors to prevent water from seeping into nearby rooms.

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Cities in the Indus River Valley were carefully planned, with streets laid out in a grid pattern, protective walls, and systems put into place to ensure the comfort of occupants and cleanliness of the city.
Devices attached to roofs and the orientation of buildings allowed for a natural form of air conditioning using the wind.
Uniform fire baked bricks were moisture resistant, essential in building sewer systems and baths. Houses had flush toilets, a sewer system, and fixtures on either sides of streets as a drainage system.
All of these required exceptional architecture and engineering, and prove how advanced the Indus River Valley was in that category.

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Jonathan Intellectual
-https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Script/
Jonathan religion-https://www.pbs.org/edens/thailand/buddhism.htm
history.com

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These were one of the many Square Stamps (fig 1.0)

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Intellectual-Jonathan Tecchio                                 

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Intellectual-Jonathan Tecchio                                 

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The India civilization now having agriculture on their side can create useful inventions to help people learn and use in their life. The Indus Script was the first known form of writing in India. This writing system was made from the Indus River Valley civilization in India mostly known to be written on pottery, tables and bronze weapons. This form of writing was usually not that long on one tablet is would usually on average be around 5 symbols, no more than 25. The origin/start of this system was hard to be deciphered by archeologist. When It was later improved near full development around 2600-1900 BC it was easier to decipher for them. Square stamps (fig 1.0 ) made of copper had the Indus Script writing carved on them , this was usually the way of media for the Indus civilization.

The Indian civilization also invented one of the most important skills known today...... the counting system. The counting system more known to be called the Hindu Arabic numerals where invented by Indian mathematician. This numeral system was made of 10 symbols -1,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. This system was known to be made around 7th century BC and made India very advance in math. They would later help propose the mathematics of algebra, trigonometry and even calculus. In Ancient Greece the highest numbers they would use were 10 to the power of 6, before 5,000 BC ancient Indians would go up to 10 to the power of 53.