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Sarawak (/səˈrɑːwɒk/; Malay: [saˈrawaʔ]), nicknamed Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the hornbills"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sabah being the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sarawak is situated in northwest Borneo, bordering the state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of Borneo, to the south, and surrounding the independent state of Brunei. The capital city, Kuching, is the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2016, the state's population is 2,701,101 .[8] Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.


Earliest human settlements in Sarawak date back to 40,000 years ago at the Niah Caves. The state had a trading relationship with China during the 8th to 13th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. The state was governed by the Brooke family in the 19th and 20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanesefor three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sarawak became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside North Borneo (now Sabah), Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, and this led to the three-year Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The state also experienced a communist insurgency from 1960 to 199

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Mount Kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence.

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A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance. The sites are judged to contain " cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity". To be selected, a World Heritage Site must be a somehow unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable and has special cultural or physical significance. For example, World Heritage Sites might be ancient ruins or historical structures, buildings, cities, deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains, or wilderness areas. A World Heritage Site may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity, and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet, or it might be a place of great natural beauty. As of June 2020, a total of 1,121 World Heritage Sites (869 cultural, 213 natural, and 39 mixed properties) exist across 167 countries; the three countries with most sites are China, Italy (both 55) and Spain (48).

The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones. The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by their General Assembly. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity. The programme began with the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage", which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 193 states parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme.

In 1954, the government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam, whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist them to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia. This appeal resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of several important temples. The most famous of these are the temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Philae. The campaign ended in 1980 and was considered a success. To thank countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, Egypt donated four temples; the Temple of Dendur was moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the Temple of Debod to the Parque del Oeste in Madrid, the Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in the Netherlands, and the Temple of Ellesyia to Museo Egizio in Turin.

The project cost US$80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries. The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Together with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, UNESCO then initiated a draft convention to protect cultural heritage.

The United States initiated the idea of safeguarding places of high cultural or natural importance. A White House conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, which were presented in 1972 to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic data reporting providing the committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a 'snapshot' of current conditions at World Heritage properties.

Based on the draft convention that UNESCO had initiated, a single text was eventually agreed on by all parties, and the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. The Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2020, it has been ratified by 193 states parties: 189 UN member states, 2 UN observer states (the Holy See and the State of Palestine) and 2 states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue). Only four UN member states have not ratified the convention: Liechtenstein, Nauru, Somalia and Tuvalu.

By assigning places as World Heritage Sites, UNESCO wants to help to pass them on to future generations. Its motivation is that "[h]eritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today" and that both cultural and natural heritage are "irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration". UNESCO's mission with respect to World Heritage consists of eight subtargets. These include encouraging the commitment of countries and local population to World Heritage conservation in various ways, providing emergency assistance for sites in danger, offering technical assistance and professional training, and supporting States Parties' public awareness-building activities.

Being listed as a World Heritage Site can positively affect the site, its environment, and interactions between them. A listed site gains international recognition and legal protection, and can obtain funds from among others the World Heritage Fund to facilitate its conservation under certain conditions. UNESCO reckons the restorations of the following four sites among its success stories: Angkor in Cambodia, the Old City of Dubrovnik in Croatia, the Wieliczka Salt Mine near Kraków in Poland, and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Additionally, the local population around a site may benefit from significantly increased tourism revenue. When there are significant interactions between people and the natural environment, these can be recognised as "cultural landscapes".

A country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites into a document known as the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union. These bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. The Committee meets once a year to determine whether or not to inscribe each nominated property on the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country which nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria - a site must meet at least one to be included on the list.

Up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so that now there is only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and meet at least one of the ten criteria. These criteria have been modified or amended several times since their creation.

1. "To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius"

2. "To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design"

3. "To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared"

4. "To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history"

5. "To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change"

6. "To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance"

1. "to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance"

2. "to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features"

3. "to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals"

4. "to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation"

A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the Tentative List and then onto the Nomination File. A request for a minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one. Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to the committee.

A site may be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.

The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the list if the threats have ceased or consider deletion from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List. Only two sites have ever been delisted: the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary in Oman and the Dresden Elbe Valley in Germany. The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce the protected area's size by 90 per cent. The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the Waldschlösschen Bridge would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed, the valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009.

The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63 per cent of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over the last two decades. These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91 per cent experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action.

Furthermore, the destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Therefore, terrorists, rebels and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, United Nations peacekeeping and UNESCO in cooperation with Blue Shield International are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes. However, only through cooperation with the locals can the protection of World Heritage Sites, archaeological finds, exhibits and archaeological sites from destruction, looting and robbery be implemented sustainably. The president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible".

Despite the successes of World Heritage listing in promoting conservation, the UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers. A large lobbying industry has grown around the awards because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. Eritrea's efforts to promote Asmara are one example. In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for Great Barrier Reef conservation efforts to be removed from a UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Several listed locations such as George Town in Penang, Casco Viejo in Panama and Hội An in Vietnam have struggled to strike the balance between the economic benefits of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers and preserving the original culture and local communities that drew the recognition.

The World Heritage Committee has divided the world into five geographic zones which it calls regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the Caucasus states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and Caribbean zone. The UNESCO geographic zones also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, Gough Island, located in the South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site.

The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these zones and their classification as of June 2020:

Countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites as of October 2020:

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A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance.

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The climate throughout the state is considered to be equatorial / tropical - with the estimated temperature of 32°C (90°F) for lowland areas and the average 21°C (70°F) for highlands area, Sabah is typically hot and sunny all year round. In a tropical climate, it is advisable to dress comfortably in lightweight linens / cottons, T-shirt, shorts, or jeans to avoid overheating. Rainfall is also common throughout the year, but it can be considerably wetter during the North East Monsoon (October - February) season, and hotter/drier between May and Septembe

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While many have heard of the Land Below the Wind and Kota Kinabalu, this article highlights the Best Places to Visit in Sabah for 2015. This year is also Malaysia Year of Festivals 2015 and the entire nation will be celebrating this event throughout the year and Sabah over in East Malaysia has some pretty amazing places to visit for MyFest2015. While Sabah offers multiple areas for tourism, you should plan your trip in order to make the best of your Sabah visit. A general guideline to how long should you spend in Sabah, I would say that around seven to ten days for the foreigners to explore the east and west of Sabah and for the locals, I would consider three nights would be just nice for one city in Sabah. Among the best places to visit in Sabah, they are narrowed down by logistics and accessibility for everyone and the list is;

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While many have heard of the Land Below the Wind and Kota Kinabalu, this article highlights the Best Places to Visit in Sabah for 2015. This year is also Malaysia Year of Festivals 2015 and the entire nation will be celebrating this event throughout the year and Sabah over in East Malaysia has some pretty amazing places to visit for MyFest2015. While Sabah offers multiple areas for tourism, you should plan your trip in order to make the best of your Sabah visit. A general guideline to how long should you spend in Sabah, I would say that around seven to ten days for the foreigners to explore the east and west of Sabah and for the locals, I would consider three nights would be just nice for one city in Sabah. Among the best places to visit in Sabah, they are narrowed down by logistics and accessibility for everyone and the list is;

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Sabah's People and History

Sabah's population is made up 33 indigenous groups that communicate in over 50 languages and 80 ethic dialects. The Kadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. Celebrated annually on 30th & 31st May, the Harvest Festival is the most celebrated holiday of the year by the Kadazan-Dusun to honor the Rice Spirit and to give thanks for a bountiful harvest. The Bajaus, or also known as "Cowboys of the East", and Muruts, the hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include the Bisaya, Brunei Malay, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Ludayeh, Rungus, Suluk, Minokok, Bonggi, the Ida'an, and many more. In addition to that, the Chinese makes up the main non-indigenous group of the population.

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About Sabah

The Land Below the Wind, SABAH is the second largest state in Malaysia; which consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories. With an area that spans 72,500 sq. kilometres, topped with a coastline surrounded by the South China Sea in the West, the Sulu Sea in the Northeast and Celebes Sea in the East, Sabah sits on the northern-most part of Borneo; the third largest island in the world. Blessed with an abundance of natural resources and unimaginable beauty of its nature, Sabah is the melting pot of unique and distinctive cultural identities and ethnicity of its people.

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photo of sabahthis is some photo about sabah
# sabah the land below wind

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About Sabah

The Land Below the Wind, SABAH is the second largest state in Malaysia; which consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories. With an area that spans 72,500 sq. kilometres, topped with a coastline surrounded by the South China Sea in the West, the Sulu Sea in the Northeast and Celebes Sea in the East, Sabah sits on the northern-most part of Borneo; the third largest island in the world. Blessed with an abundance of natural resources and unimaginable beauty of its nature, Sabah is the melting pot of unique and distinctive cultural identities and ethnicity of its people.

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Sarawak is the largest of 13 states in Malaysia. Located on the north and north-western tip of Borneo, it covers 124,450 sq. km and stretches over 750km. It makes up 37.5% of land area in the country (slightly larger than South Korea).

Sarawak is unique in that there are significant differences in culture, administration and lifestyle. Sarawak’s population of 2.4 million people comprises roughly 27 main ethnic groups still in existence, each with its own language, traditions and way of life. Sarawak is renowned for its abundance in natural resources. Liquid natural gas, crude oil and tropical hardwood timber sustain the economy. In the last few decades, agriculture (palm oil), light industries in food processing, shipbuilding and electronics, is becoming increasingly more important.

Kuching, Gateway to Sarawak

The quaint city of Kuching is Sarawak’s capital and main entry point. A small city of great history and legends, Kuching is forever remembered as the Camelot of the White Rajahs. Although the name ‘Kuching’ is associated with the Malay word for ‘Cat’, the city’s origins go centuries further before its modern day affiliation to cats and cat-lovers. Nevertheless, like the feline, the city embodies its own brand of grace and subtlety. The world’s first cat museum opened here. Fun, quirky, historic, Kuching and its region are filled with tourist attractions such as Bako National Park, Semenggoh Wildlife Centre, Borneo Highlands Resort, Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Cultural Village, Fairy Cave and many more.

At the Heart of Sarawak – Sibu & Bintulu

In the middle of Sarawak’s 750km coastline lie Sibu and Bintulu, Sarawak’s heartland hamlets.

Sibu lies at the geographic centre of Sarawak and offers great options in Iban culture and lowland forest. Options for pre-and post-convention activities include: shopping for local arts and crafts, dining (central Sarawak style), Iban longhouse-hopping; or for a little more excitement, take a ride in fast passenger ferries to lovely towns like Kapit for a taste of rustic living.

Central Sarawak is also the doorway to the Rejang, the longest river in Malaysia. Bintulu is Sarawak’s fastest-growing town. Once a sleepy little fishing village, it is now a booming industrial centre because of natural gas, and will soon be a capital for energy-intensive industries in Malaysia. A short drive takes you to nearby Similajau National Park, known for its chain of golden beaches, white cliffs and turtle landings.

Into the Wild – Miri

Miri, city by the sea, was once the last frontier in the north of Sarawak. It guards the entrance of the mighty Baram River, the artery to the wilds of Sarawak and the heartland of the Orang Ulu peoples. Mysterious and charming, it has always been Sarawak’s most romanticised destination. The oil and gas industry and its close proximity to Brunei has made the city a popular weekend escape for expats and Bruneians alike. A lively nightlife and excellent dining options make it an even more attractive destination. A stone’s throw away are Niah National Park, the site of Southeast Asia’s oldest human settlement dating back at least 40,000 years; and Gunung Mulu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site where the world’s largest cave chamber and one of the world’s most extensive cave systems are found.

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Sarawak (/səˈrɑːwɒk/; Malay: [saˈrawaʔ]), nicknamed Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the hornbills"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sabah being the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sarawak is situated in northwest Borneo, bordering the state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of Borneo, to the south, and surrounding the independent state of Brunei. The capital city, Kuching, is the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2016, the state's population is 2,701,101 .[8] Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.

Earliest human settlements in Sarawak date back to 40,000 years ago at the Niah Caves. The state had a trading relationship with China during the 8th to 13th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. The state was governed by the Brooke family in the 19th and 20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanesefor three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sarawak became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside North Borneo (now Sabah), Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, and this led to the three-year Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The state also experienced a communist insurgency from 1960 to 1990.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on theWestminster parliamentary system and has the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. English and Malay are the only two official languages of the state; there is no official religion. Sarawak State Museum is the oldest museum in Borneo. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, thesapeh. The Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF) is one of the premier music events in Malaysia. Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Gawai Dayak festival.

Sarawak has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber, and oil palm. Other industries are manufacturing, energy, and tourism.

Skyline of Kuching | Source

Sarawak River | Source

The Sarawak Museum in its extended structure in 1951 | Source

Love cats at the engtrance of Cat Museum |Source

Cat Museum Building | Source

These are the best places to see and interesting things to do in Kuching, East Malaysia:

Kuching Waterfront

The Kuching Waterfront was where the first white Rajah, James Brookefirst landed in Sarawak. The Sarawak government spent a huge sum of money in reconstructing the waterfront and reclaiming parts of the riverside that used to be a docking area for the villagers crossing the river by small boats. It is now a beautifully landscaped esplanade along the Sarawak River with some eateries and entertainment areas. There are some historical buildings, an observation tower and other sculptures in the area.

Old Sarawak Museum

The Old Sarawak Museum is the oldest museum in Borneo that was sponsored by the second RajahCharles Brooke and it was opened in 1891 for displaying native arts and crafts. It has been renovated with some additions to its present structure. It houses a comprehensive collection of tribal artefacts and historical information of Borneo.

Cat Museum

Meow! This 'Cat City' lives up to its name. It has a cat museum situated on Bukit Siol at Petra Jaya across the river. For feline lovers, this is an ultimate collection of cat memorabilia, from Hello Kitty and Garfield to Matthew Flinder's cat and other famous felines. Visitors will enjoy looking at the exhibits and photos of all the cats, and maybe pick up a few souvenirs from the gift shop.

Taman Budaya

Taman Budaya is a public garden that was previously a reservoir for storing water. It is not far from the Old Sarawak Museum. The place is also known as Kuching Reservoir to the locals. The area is popularly used by the public for jogging and walking. The hilly landscape of Taman Budaya adds to the attraction of the garden.

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SABAH

Sabah is a Malaysian state occupying the northern part of Borneo. It's famed for its 4,095m-tall Mt. Kinabalu, the highest peak on the island, crowned with distinctive granite spires. Sabah is also known for its beaches, rainforest, coral reefs and abundant endemic wildlife, much of it within parks and reserves. Offshore, the Sipadan and Mabul islands are noted diving destinations.
Mount Kinabalu
is a prominent mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is located in the East Malaysian state of Sabah and is protected as Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Site. Kinabalu is the highest peak in Borneo's Crocker Range and is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago as well as the highest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence.

In 1997, a re-survey using satellite technology established its summit (known as Low's Peak) height at 4,096 metres (13,438 ft) above sea level, which is some 6 metres (20 ft) less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4,101 metres (13,455 ft).[3]

Mount Kinabalu includes the Kinabalu montane alpine meadows ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. The mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5,000 and 6,000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. Among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic Rafflesia plants and orangutans. Mount Kinabalu has been accorded UNESCO World Heritage status.

Low's Peak can be climbed quite easily by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route.Other peaks along the massif, however, require rock climbing skills.

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Sarawak Museum
The Sarawak Museum, located in Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, is one of Asia's finest. It houses a collection of Bornean ethnological and archaeological items and an exhibition featuring a reconstruction of the great Niah Caves, with remains of the Neolithic people who lived in the Caves.
Closed on Fridays and public holidays.The Sunday Open Market
The Sunday Market also known as "Pasar Minggu" is ideally located within the City near the well-known Satok Suspension Bridge. The popular Sunday Market in fact starts its activities as early as Saturday afternoon.Jungle produce of all kinds find their way to the market through the hard working Bidayuh women folks from the outskirt longhouses.A stroll along the Sunday Market is like browsing through a Borneo supermarket. Here you can find an array of tropical fruits and a variety of jungle vegetables seldom seen at any wet market. Sago worms, also find their way to the Sunday Market. It is a specialty for some locals who believe in eating them raw for good health and vitality. Also can be found at the Sunday Market is another rare jungle produce called Miding. Miding is the Malay name of a fern found only in moist bush areas along stream banks and near the fringe of jungle. The stalk of the young leaves and the leaves are soft and sweet if fried with prawn paste and chilly.Court House
The Court House is surely one of the most magnificent buildings in Sarawak The imposing facade has intricate local art patterns incorporated in its door and window grilles and roof panels.Completed in 1874, it was the seat of government during the reign of the white Rajahs. The beautiful clock tower was added to the architecture in 1883, with the obelisk memorial to Rajah Charles Brooke officially commissioned in 1924.Fort Margherita
The district of Kuching on the northern bank of the Sarawak River mainly consists of Malay kampungs. Prominent on its hilltop site is Fort Margherita. Situated within walking distance from the Astana in Kuching. It is named after the Rajah Charles Brooke's wife. Built in 1878 as a token of love to his wife. It is today's the Police Museum. |
The Sarawak Cultural Village and Heritage Centre
A living museum located at Santubong, the Sarawak Cultural Village conserves and portrays the multi-faceted cultures and customs of ethnic groups such as the Ibans, Bidayuhs, and Melanaus. The Heritage Centre is an integral part of the cultural village, which offers traditional arts of Sarawakians. Opening hours: 9.00am -5.00pm. Cultural Show: 2.00pm-3.00pm. Fees: Adults:RM45; Children (6-12 years) - RM22.50. Below 6 - Free.Outside of Kuching Skrang River Safari
The safari takes you on a four-hour journey along the Skrang River, occasionally shooting the rapids, to the Iban longhouses. Their traditional ceremonies include an offering of rice wine to their guests. Santubong Fishing Village
On a 17 acre site at the foothill of Mount Santubong, fronting the South China Sea is the Sarawak Cultural Village, which exudes the typical warmth and hospitality of the state. Here, you have the opportunity to share the arts and crafts, games, food, and music of the seven major cultures of Sarawak. At a modern theater, the visitor can see performances of multicultural dances and lots of bamboo (bamboo musical instruments, bamboo carvings and even a bamboo bridge). You are taken into the world of "longhouses", drums, and gongs. You are taught to use the blowpipe (the weapon of the jungle nomads) and you get the opportunity to see the women work on their intricate beadwork.Camp Permai Sarawak
Situated at about 32 km from Kuching.
It is a site covering some 18 hectares of tropical rain forest. A popular place for camping where the Camp Permai of Sarawak is set up here. Have a dip in its clear cool water from the running streams. A walking track partly built on stilt above the rough terrain is available for trekkers. Setting around the majestic Mount Santubong, it is a very picturesque view from below.Kuching Waterfront
Situated at the Main Bazaar along Sarawak River in Kuching.
The waterfront is about 1 km long and is also known as the People Place. Built for the people of Sarawak. It has many facilities such as restaurants, handicraft shops, entertainment hall, and the dancing water fountains

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Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]), nicknamed Negeri Di Bawah Bayu ("Land Below The Wind"), is one of the two Malaysianstates on the island of Borneo (Sarawak being the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sabah is situated in northern Borneo, bordering the state of Sarawak to the southwest, Kalimantan to the south, while separated by sea from the Federal Territory ofLabuan in the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the capital city as well the economic centre for the state and the seat for the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500.[5] Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has a long mountain ranges in the west side which formed as part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River is the second longest river in Malaysia while Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well for Malaysia.

Earliest human settlements in Sabah can be traced back since to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the Darvel Bay area at Madai-Baturong caves. The state had a trading relationship with China since the 14th century AD. It came under the influence of theBruneian Empire in the 15th century and the Sultanate of Sulu between the 17th–18th centuries. The state was then governed by the North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th–20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanesefor three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside Sarawak, Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, which led to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation for over three years along with the threats of annexation from the Philippines which existed until today.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on theWestminster parliamentary system and has one of the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. Malay are the official language of the state; with Islam as the official religion. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sompoton. The Sunset Music Festival is one of the music events in Malaysia, which held annually at the Tanjung Simpang Mengayau (Tip of Borneo). Sabah is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate theKaamatan festival.

Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber and palm oil. Other main industries are agriculture and ecotourism.

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Sarawak is the largest of 13 states in Malaysia. Located on the north and north-western tip of Borneo, it covers 124,450 sq. km and stretches over 750km. It makes up 37.5% of land area in the country (slightly larger than South Korea).

Sarawak is unique in that there are significant differences in culture, administration and lifestyle. Sarawak’s population of 2.4 million people comprises roughly 27 main ethnic groups still in existence, each with its own language, traditions and way of life. Sarawak is renowned for its abundance in natural resources. Liquid natural gas, crude oil and tropical hardwood timber sustain the economy. In the last few decades, agriculture (palm oil), light industries in food processing, shipbuilding and electronics, is becoming increasingly more important.

Kuching, Gateway to Sarawak

The quaint city of Kuching is Sarawak’s capital and main entry point. A small city of great history and legends, Kuching is forever remembered as the Camelot of the White Rajahs. Although the name ‘Kuching’ is associated with the Malay word for ‘Cat’, the city’s origins go centuries further before its modern day affiliation to cats and cat-lovers. Nevertheless, like the feline, the city embodies its own brand of grace and subtlety. The world’s first cat museum opened here. Fun, quirky, historic, Kuching and its region are filled with tourist attractions such as Bako National Park, Semenggoh Wildlife Centre, Borneo Highlands Resort, Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Cultural Village, Fairy Cave and many more.

At the Heart of Sarawak – Sibu & Bintulu

In the middle of Sarawak’s 750km coastline lie Sibu and Bintulu, Sarawak’s heartland hamlets.

Sibu lies at the geographic centre of Sarawak and offers great options in Iban culture and lowland forest. Options for pre-and post-convention activities include: shopping for local arts and crafts, dining (central Sarawak style), Iban longhouse-hopping; or for a little more excitement, take a ride in fast passenger ferries to lovely towns like Kapit for a taste of rustic living.

Central Sarawak is also the doorway to the Rejang, the longest river in Malaysia. Bintulu is Sarawak’s fastest-growing town. Once a sleepy little fishing village, it is now a booming industrial centre because of natural gas, and will soon be a capital for energy-intensive industries in Malaysia. A short drive takes you to nearby Similajau National Park, known for its chain of golden beaches, white cliffs and turtle landings.

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5 Amir

SABAH

Sabah is situated on the beautiful island of Borneo, is one of the thirteen states which Malaysia is made of. Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia and shares the island of Borneo with Sarawak, Brunei and Indonesian Kalimantan.

The people of Sabah are known as Sabahans. Sabah is the third most popular state in Malaysia after Selangor and Johor. It also has one of the highest population growth rates in the country. There are currently 32 officially recognized ethnic groups in Sabah with the largest non- indigenous ethnic group being the Chinese and the largest indigenous group being the Kadazan-Dusun people. A majority of Kadazan-Dusun are now Catholics or animists and some have converted to Islam. Two other larger ethnic groups in Sabah are the Bajau and Murut. The vast majority of Bajau are Muslims while many Murut have converted to Christianity.

Sabah is richly blessed with nature diversity, unique culture, fun advanture, beautiful beaches and fantastic cuisines for the advanturous taste buds. Sabah have it all from the world's largest flower, the Rafflesia, one of the highest mountains in South East Asia, Mount Kinabalu, to one of the world's top dive sites - Sipadan Island and Mabul Island. Sabah is also known for her great natural treasures which include the world-renowned Danum Valley Conservation Area and Tabin which is Sabah's largest wildlife reserve. The most interesting place in Sabah that attracted most tourist such as Mount Kinabalu and Kinabalu Park which is known as a World Heritage Site. In Kundasang the most popular place to visit such as Desa Dairy Farm and Poring Hot Springs. In Ranau there are located a Sabah Tea Plantation.

Thank you.

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Fascinating Sarawak

Sarawak, nicknamed Bumi Kenyalang Land of the hornbills, is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sarawak is situated in northwest Borneo, bordering the state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of Borneo, to the south, and surrounding the independent state of Brunei. The capital city, Kuching, is the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2016, the state's population is  Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species state has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.

Earliest human settlements in Sarawak date back to 40,000 years ago at the Niah Caves. The state had a trading relationship with China during the 8th to 13th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. The state was governed by the Brooke family in the 19th and 20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanese for three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sarawak became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia  alongside North Borneo , Singapore, and the Federation of Malaya. However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, and this led to the three-year Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The state also experienced a communist insurgency from 1960 to 1990.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and has the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. English and Malay are the only two official languages of the state; there is no official religion. Sarawak State Museum is the oldest museum in Borneo. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sapeh. The Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF) is one of the premier music events in Malaysia. Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Gawai Dayak festival.

Sarawak has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber, and oil palm. Other industries are manufacturing, energy, and tourism.

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Kuching Waterfront This 900m long esplanade, with landscaped surroundings and eateries, is a popular place for locals and foreigners alike. Places of interest here are The Square Tower, Sarwak Steamship Building and Chinese History Museum. A nearby attraction is the ornate Tua Pek Kong Temple, reputed to be the oldest in the city.

Main Bazaar This is the oldest street in the city. The shophouse here enjoy immense popularity for the bewildering variety of items, from ethnic crafts, textiles to bamboo mats and pottery. Take home exquisite souvenirs of your visit!

Sarawak Museum Sarawak Museum is hailed as one of the finest in Southeast Asia. The old Wing, designed in the style of a Normandy town house, houses an exceptional ethnographic collection. Within the grounds are an Aquarium, Botanical Gardens and Heroes' Memorial.

Sarawak Cultural Village An award-winning attraction, Sarawak Cultural Village showcases the diverse lifestyles of the state's ethnic groups. Visit the authentic dwellings and view their crafts, household items and musical instruments. The lively cultural performance is a major highlight here. Sarawak Cultural Village is the venue of the annual Rainforest World Music Festival.
More information about Sarawak cultural village

Semenggoh wildlife Centre Enjoy the amazing experience of standing close to orang utans in their natural habitat. Watch them swing gracefully as they make their way here during the feeding times. Other attractions include an arboretum, fernery, botanical garden and fruit orchard. Matang Wildlife Centre provides the opportunity to view animals in enclosures.

Cat Museum Welcome to a world dedicated to cats! Touted to be the world's first, the Cat Museum pays tribute to these adorable felines with a range of exhibits, photos, statues and souvenirs. Kucing means 'cat' in Malay.

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SARAWAK-Situated in Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak is the largest state in the country. Its colourful history under the rule of the White Rajahs, rich tapestry of cultures and superb natural attractions make it a mesmerising holiday destination. Many heritage buildings in Kuching, the capital city, reflect its rich past. An eco-adventure land, Sarawak is great for trekking, caving, mountain climbing, kayaking, biking, rafting and diving.

The state has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and preferences. There are international-standard beach resorts, jungle resorts, star-reted hotels as well as longhouse-style resorts. Budget accommodation is widely avaiable. Take your pick from the variety of cuisine, from local delicacies to Continental fare.

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Sarawak is the largest Malaysian state is endowed with the world's richest and most diverse ecosystem.

Kuching is the capital city and the main gateway to Sarawak is via Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, Malindo Air, SilkAir and Maswings, which make regular flights from Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Brunei and Pontianak in Indonesia.

A former British colony, Sarawak gained independence in 1963 and has since prospered into a vibrant city with an interesting skyline comprising a mixture of colonial influence and modern architecture.

Sarawak is a land of colourful cultures boasting 27 ethnic groups, 45 languages and dialects. The main groups are the Iban, Malay, Bidayuh, Chinese, Melanau, Oranga Ulu and Penan.

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Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak with total land mass of 28,417 square miles (73,600 sq. km).An out-of-sight tropical paradise, Sabah is an East Malaysian state stuffed-to-the-treetops with exotic wildlife and features glorious landscape. Surrounded by pristine beaches with eye-catching coral reefs, the interior of this slice of Borneo is a mixture of lush forests and green hilly terrain. The main reason people come here is to climb the 4101m Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia’s highest peak. Sabah is the embodiment of Malaysia’s natural offerings. Known as the ‘Land below the Wind’, Sabah on the eastern side of Borneo is home to over 30 different ethnic races with over 80 local dialects. Its title comes from its location; directly beneath the typhoon belt making it free from climatic disturbances. Despite the advent of modernity, tradition and culture still prevail in local lifestyles, especially as a practice to welcome international visitors. A visit to Sabah is indeed a multi-cultural and fascinating experience.Sabah’s 2 million residents are a diverse mix of races, with the Kadazan, Bajau and Murut forming the main indigenous groups.Pesta Kaamatan or Harvest Festival is a unique celebration of Kadazandusun society. It's a celebration to honour the Rice Spirit - Bambaazon or Bambarayon and giving thanks for yet another bountiful year.  There are of course, sizeable populations of Chinese, Malays and Indians who form the majority of Malaysia’s social landscape. Famous places that you should visit are Mount Kinabalu,Tanjung Aru,Kinabalu Park,Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park,Kota Kinabalu City Mousque and lot's more.The greatest diversity of specimen in a dipterocarp forest can be found in Sabah at Danum Valley with 155 distinct dipterocarp species on records. For the record, Danum Valley is also the largest remaining area of undisturbed lowland dipterocarb forest in the world and home to more than 340 species of birds, 124 species of mammals, 72 species of reptiles and 56 species of amphibians.rang-utan populations on the two islands are now considered as two distinct species: the Sumatran orang-utan and the Bornean orang-utan.
Over the last 60 years, the Bornean orang-utan population has fallen by over 50%, and over the last 75 years, the Sumatran orang-utan population has fallen by over 80%, and now only around 6,000 survive on Sumatra and 57,000 on Borneo. Rafflesia were also the main highlight of Sabah.

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SABAH - is the second largest state in Malayisia, it is situated at the northern part of the Island of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. It covers area 72 500 sq kilometers with a coastline of 14 400 kilometers long washed by the South China Sea in the west, the Sulu Sea in the northeast and the Celebes Sea in the east.The Kota Kinabalu City is the capital of SABAH, set between lush, tropical hills and fronting emerald green waters-vibrant and exciting yet serene and uplifting, what with its eco-treasures from top to bottom. Formerly known as Jesselton before it's name was changed in 1986 to Kota Kinabalu, the states capital is also affectionally called KK by locals. Known as 'The Land Below The Wind' because geographically, it is below the typhoon belt. The three million population of SABAH is as diverse as its ecology. Comprising of a colourful mix of 32 ethnic group and other non-indigenous people - they are all interwoven by culture, tradition, marriage and language. The result is the face and dialect unmistakably SABAH.The largets ethnic group is the Kadazandusun, making up 1/3 of the total population, they can be found on the west coast, to the interior. Formerly the main rice-producer of the states, the Kadazandusun are now the major force in SABAH's rapid progress towards urban modernisation.The Bajau were originally the seafarers of Borneo. Many still reside along the coastline with fishing being a major occupation. Their riding skills on ponies have earn these Bajau nickname 'Cowboy Of The East' and their colourful costumes (as well of their ponies) are greatly admired. The Murut reside mainly in the hinterland, with many still occupying the traditional long house. Once feared of their Headhunting, the Muruts now, mainly use their Blowpipes and Darts for hunting food and ceremonial occasion.The highlight of all ethnic community festival is the Harvest Festival held in may. Traditionally, it is a ceremony to give thanks to the rice-spirit for a bountiful harvest and to ensure the same of the next season. Gong-beating competition, unduk ngadau (Harvest Queen), buffalo-races and other traditional sports, the appearance of the 'Bobohizan' or the 'Hight Priestess', are all part of the interesting festival. The majority of the ethnic communities in SABAH are either Muslim or Christian bye choice. Hence, in additional to their traditional celebration, the respective communities also celebrate Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Haji, Awal Muharram, Good Friday and Christmas.The Chinese who migrated in great numbers to SABAH during the early years of the North Borneo Chatered Company era, make up large portion of non-indigenous people. Living mostly in and around city areas, they engaged themselves primarily in the commercial sectors of the economy.The Chinese has adapted themselves well in SABAH with many of their traditional beliefs and celebration such as Wesak Day and Chinese New Year, are still being observed and celebrated in SABAH, not only the Chinese alone but the community as one.SABAH's wide variety of attractions, the physical beauty of the island, the year-round pleasant climate and the friendly people make SABAH a place regarded by many visitors as the "BORNEOS'S

History

As early as the 9th century AD., Sabah, then under various chieftains traded with China and later the Spanish and the Portuguese. During the 15th century, Sabah was a vassal of the Sultan of Brunei. In 1704, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the land east of Murudu Bay to the Sultan of Sulu. In the early 1880�s, Moses, an American trader, obtained a lease over Sabah from Brunei. The lease eventually passed to Alfred Dent, an Englishman. In 1881, he signed a treaty with Brunei and Sulu, converting the lease into a cession.Thus the British North Borneo (Sabah old name) was born. It was administered by the Chartered Company of British North Borneo until the Japanese occupation. In 1945, after World War II, Sabah became a British Crown Colony. In 1963, it gained independence and joined Malaysia. Today Sabah is an integral part of Malaysia.

People & Culture

With a population of about 2 million, comprising of over 30 different races speaking over 80 local dialects, it offers a diverse and multicultural experience. The three main indigenous groups of Sabah are the Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, and Bajau.Kadazan-Dusun
The largest, the Kadazan-Dusun, make up about a third of the population. These are the prosperous rice producers of Sabah, although in recent times many have ventured into other trades. Living in the interior plains they are well known for their unique customs that feature female priestesses called �bobohizan� presiding over still practiced ancient rituals.Bajaus
Skilled fishermen as well as rice farmers they are also experts in rearing ponies and water buffaloes. The Bajaus live mainly on the east and west coasts. East coast Bajaus are sea nomads, coming ashore only to bury their dead. The West-coast Bajaus are farmers and being dubbed as �The cowboys of the East�, they are renowned for their horsemanship.Muruts
Being agriculturists and hunters, they live in the interior region near the borders of Sarawak and Kalimantan. Once feared for their head hunting, the Muruts are great hunters with spears, blowpipes and poisoned darts. Many still reside in their traditional communal longhouses and they are well known for their elaborate displays of bride-wealth, dancing and feasting.

HOW TO GET THERE

Kota Kinabalu, the state capital, is the modern gateway to the rest of Sabah. Direct flights between KK (the name by which Kota Kinabalu is fondly called) and the regional capitals of Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, Kaoshiung, Hong Kong, Brunei, Manila and Cebu, make Sabah easily accessible to travellers everywhere.Largely destroyed during the Second World War, KK has since developed into a thriving modern city. Places of interest include the State Museum, the State Mosque, the Gaya Street Fair held every Sunday morning and the "pasar malam" where you can polish up your bargaining skills. Nearby are the popular Tanjung Aru Beach, quaint water villages and idyllic off-shore islands.KK and its surroundings are well served by world class holiday resorts and hotels for a relaxing private retreat or large business conference.    the end.......

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SABAH _is the second largest state in Malaysia ,it is situated at the northern part of the Island of Borneo , the third largest island in the world . It covers area 72500 sq kilometers  with a coastline of 14400 kilometers  long washed  by the south CHINA SEA in the west, the  SULU SEA in the northeast and the CELEBES SEA in the east.

The KOTA KINABALU CITY is the capital of SABAH , set between lush,tropical hills and fronting emerald green waters -vibrant and exciting yet serene  and uplifting , what with its  eco-treares from top bottom . Comprising of a colourful mix of 32 ethnic group and other non -indigenous people - they are all interwoven by culture, tradition , marriage and language .The result is the face and dialect unmistakably SABAH.

SABAH`s wide variety of attractions, the physical beauty of the island , the year-round pleasant climate and the friendly people make SABAH aplace regarded by many visitors as the "BORNEO`S

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Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia.It covers an area of 124,000 square kilometres and has a coastline of some 800 kilometres facing the South China Sea.Lying on the northwest coast of Borneo , the third largest island in the world, Sarawak shares its boundaries with Kalimatan [Indoesia Borneo] in the south,Brunei and Sabah in the North.

Sarawak is also known as 'The land of many rivers'.The rivers provide natural means of transportation and communication.The 590 kilometres long Sungai Rejang is the longest river in the country .The rivers together with the wide spread trunk roads and well connected domestic air links make travelling to interior destinations easily accessible.

Once ruled by the three White Rajahs for about 100 years from 1841-1941,there are many a romantic past told about the wars and glimpses of the bygone era of the Brookes.The battles between the pirates and the Brooke forces ,the rebellions by Dayaks ,Malays and Chinese gold miners had filled Sarawak past with mystery and excitement.The famous Sarawak Museum with its huge collection of native heritage and artefacts, also houses the best collection of its rich history .Today,depsite her rapid urbanisation ,many historical remains of the Brookes can still be found at Kuching and other parts of Sarawak.

THANK YOU....

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Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia.It covers an area of 124000 square kilometres has a coastline of some 800 kilometres facing the South China Sea.Lying on the northwest coast

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Sabah

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Sabah
State

Flag |
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Negeri Di Bawah Bayu[1]
Land Below The Wind[2]
Motto: Sabah Maju Jaya[3]
Let Sabah Prosper[3]
Anthem: Sabah Tanah Airku[4]
Sabah My Homeland

Sabah in    Malaysia
Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E
Capital | Kota Kinabalu
Divisions | List[hide]Interior Kudat Sandakan Tawau West Coast
Government
• Yang di-Pertua Negeri | Juhar Mahiruddin
• Chief Minister | Musa Aman (BN)
Area[2]
• Total | 72,500 km2 (28,000 sq mi)
Population (2015)[5]
• Total | 3,543,500
• Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
Demonym(s) | Sabahan
Human Development Index
• HDI (2010) | 0.643 (medium) (14th)
Time zone | MST[6] (UTC+8)
Postal code | 88xxx[7] to 91xxx[8]
Calling code | 087 (Inner District)
088 (Kota Kinabalu & Kudat)
089 (Lahad Datu, Sandakan &Tawau)[9]
Vehicle registration | SA, SAA, SAB (West Coast)
SB (Beaufort)
SD (Lahad Datu)
SK (Sabah State Government)
SS (Sandakan)
ST (Tawau)
SU (Keningau)[10]
Former name | North Borneo
Brunei Sultanate | 15th century–1882[11]
Sulu Sultanate | 1658–1882[12][13]
British North Borneo | 1882–1941
Japanese occupation | 1941–1945
British Crown Colony | 1946–1963
Self-government | 31 August 1963[12][14][15][16]
Malaysia Agreement[17] | 16 September 1963a[18]
Website | Official website
a Despite the fact that the Federation of Malaysia only came into existence on 16 September 1963, 31 August is celebrated as the Independence day of Malaysia. Since 2010, 16 September is recognised as Malaysia Day, a patriotic national-level public holiday to commemorate the foundation of Federation of Malaysia that joined North Borneo (Sabah), Malaya, Sarawak and (previously)Singapore as states of equal partners in the federation.[19]

Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]), nicknamed Negeri Di Bawah Bayu ("Land Below The Wind"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sarawakbeing the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sabah is situated in northern Borneo, bordering the state of Sarawak to the southwest, Kalimantan to the south, while separated by sea from the Federal Territory of Labuan in the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the capital city as well the economic centre for the state and the seat for theSabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500.[5] Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has a long mountain ranges in the west side which formed as part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River is the second longest river in Malaysia while Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well for Malaysia.

Earliest human settlements in Sabah can be traced back since to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the Darvel Bay area at Madai-Baturong caves. The state had a trading relationship with China since the 14th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 15th century and the Sultanate of Sulu between the 17th–18th centuries. The state was then governed by the North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th–20th centuries. During World War II, the state wasoccupied by the Japanese for three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside Sarawak, Singapore(expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, which led to theIndonesia–Malaysia confrontation for over three years along with the threats of annexation from the Philippines which existed until today.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and has one of the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. Malay are the official language of the state; with Islam as the official religion. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sompoton. The Sunset Music Festival is one of the music events in Malaysia, which held annually at theTanjung Simpang Mengayau (Tip of Borneo). Sabah is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Kaamatan festival.

Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber and palm oil. Other main industries are agriculture and ecotourism.

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Sabah
State

Flag |
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Negeri Di Bawah Bayu[1]
Land Below The Wind[2]
Motto: Sabah Maju Jaya[3]
Let Sabah Prosper[3]
Anthem: Sabah Tanah Airku[4]
Sabah My Homeland

Sabah in    Malaysia
Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E
Capital | Kota Kinabalu
Divisions | List[hide]Interior Kudat Sandakan Tawau West Coast
Government
• Yang di-Pertua Negeri | Juhar Mahiruddin
• Chief Minister | Musa Aman (BN)
Area[2]
• Total | 72,500 km2 (28,000 sq mi)
Population (2015)[5]
• Total | 3,543,500
• Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
Demonym(s) | Sabahan
Human Development Index
• HDI (2010) | 0.643 (medium) (14th)
Time zone | MST[6] (UTC+8)
Postal code | 88xxx[7] to 91xxx[8]
Calling code | 087 (Inner District)
088 (Kota Kinabalu & Kudat)
089 (Lahad Datu, Sandakan &Tawau)[9]
Vehicle registration | SA, SAA, SAB (West Coast)
SB (Beaufort)
SD (Lahad Datu)
SK (Sabah State Government)
SS (Sandakan)
ST (Tawau)
SU (Keningau)[10]
Former name | North Borneo
Brunei Sultanate | 15th century–1882[11]
Sulu Sultanate | 1658–1882[12][13]
British North Borneo | 1882–1941
Japanese occupation | 1941–1945
British Crown Colony | 1946–1963
Self-government | 31 August 1963[12][14][15][16]
Malaysia Agreement[17] | 16 September 1963a[18]
Website | Official website
a Despite the fact that the Federation of Malaysia only came into existence on 16 September 1963, 31 August is celebrated as the Independence day of Malaysia. Since 2010, 16 September is recognised as Malaysia Day, a patriotic national-level public holiday to commemorate the foundation of Federation of Malaysia that joined North Borneo (Sabah), Malaya, Sarawak and (previously)Singapore as states of equal partners in the federation.[19]

Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]), nicknamed Negeri Di Bawah Bayu ("Land Below The Wind"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sarawakbeing the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sabah is situated in northern Borneo, bordering the state of Sarawak to the southwest, Kalimantan to the south, while separated by sea from the Federal Territory of Labuan in the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the capital city as well the economic centre for the state and the seat for theSabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500.[5] Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has a long mountain ranges in the west side which formed as part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River is the second longest river in Malaysia while Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well for Malaysia.

Earliest human settlements in Sabah can be traced back since to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the Darvel Bay area at Madai-Baturong caves. The state had a trading relationship with China since the 14th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 15th century and the Sultanate of Sulu between the 17th–18th centuries. The state was then governed by the North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th–20th centuries. During World War II, the state wasoccupied by the Japanese for three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside Sarawak, Singapore(expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, which led to theIndonesia–Malaysia confrontation for over three years along with the threats of annexation from the Philippines which existed until today.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and has one of the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. Malay are the official language of the state; with Islam as the official religion. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sompoton. The Sunset Music Festival is one of the music events in Malaysia, which held annually at theTanjung Simpang Mengayau (Tip of Borneo). Sabah is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Kaamatan festival.

Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber and palm oil. Other main industries are agriculture and ecotourism.

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Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]), nicknamed Negeri Di Bawah Bayu ("Land Below The Wind"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sarawak being the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sabah is situated in northern Borneo, bordering the state of Sarawak to the southwest, Kalimantan to the south, while separated by sea from the Federal Territory of Labuan in the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the capital city as well the economic centre for the state and the seat for the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500.[5] Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has a long mountain ranges in the west side which formed as part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River is the second longest river in Malaysia while Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well for Malaysia.

Earliest human settlements in Sabah can be traced back since to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the Darvel Bay area at Madai-Baturong caves. The state had a trading relationship with China since the 14th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 15th century and the Sultanate of Sulu between the 17th–18th centuries. The state was then governed by the North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th–20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanese for three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside Sarawak, Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, which led to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation for over three years along with the threats of annexation from the Philippines which existed until today.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and has one of the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. Malay are the official language of the state; with Islam as the official religion. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sompoton. The Sunset Music Festival is one of the music events in Malaysia, which held annually at the Tanjung Simpang Mengayau (Tip of Borneo). Sabah is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Kaamatan festival.

Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber and palm oil. Other main industries are agriculture and ecotourism.
Thank you:) 😉😊

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SARAWAK:
Sarawak (/səˈrɑːwɒk/; Malay: [saˈrawaʔ]), nicknamed Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the hornbills"), is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo (Sabah being the other state). This territory has a certain level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. Sarawak is situated in northwest Borneo, bordering the state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of Borneo, to the south, and surrounding the independent state of Brunei. The capital city, Kuching, is the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 2,636,000.[8] Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.

Earliest human settlements in Sarawak date back to 40,000 years ago at the Niah Caves. The state had a trading relationship with China during the 8th to 13th century AD. It came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. The state wasgoverned by the Brooke family in the 19th and 20th centuries. During World War II, the state was occupied by the Japanese for three years before being ceded as a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sarawak became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside North Borneo (now Sabah), Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, and this led to the three-year Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The state also experienced a communist insurgency from 1960 to 1990.

The state exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is closely modelled on theWestminster parliamentary system and has the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The state is divided into administrative divisions and districts. English and Malay are the only two official languages of the state; there is no official religion.Sarawak State Museum is the oldest museum in Borneo. The state is known for its traditional musical instrument, the sapeh. TheRainforest World Music Festival (RWMF) is one of the premier music events in Malaysia. Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia to celebrate the Gawai Dayak festival.

Sarawak has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, mainly in oil and gas, timber, and oil palm. Other industries are manufacturing, energy, and tourism.

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Nur Wardina Safiyah Bt. Rufaizal.(5Amir)                   SABAH - is the second largest state in Malayisa, it is situated at the northern part of the Island of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. It covers area 72 500 sq kilometers with a coastline of 14 400 kilometers long washed by the South China Sea in the west, the Sulu Sea in the northeast and the Celebes Sea in the east.The Kota Kinabalu City is the capital of SABAH, set between lush, tropical hills and fronting emerald green waters-vibrant and exciting yet serene and uplifting, what with its eco-treasures from top to bottom. Formerly known as Jesselton before it's name was changed in 1986 to Kota Kinabalu, the states capital is also affectionally called KK by locals. Known as 'The Land Below The Wind' because geographically, it is below the typhoon belt. The three million population of SABAH is as diverse as its ecology. Comprising of a colourful mix of 32 ethnic group and other non-indigenous people - they are all interwoven by culture, tradition, marriage and language. The result is the face and dialect unmistakably SABAH.The largets ethnic group is the Kadazandusun, making up 1/3 of the total population, they can be found on the west coast, to the interior. Formerly the main rice-producer of the states, the Kadazandusun are now the major force in SABAH's rapid progress towards urban modernisation.The Bajau were originally the seafarers of Borneo. Many still reside along the coastline with fishing being a major occupation. Their riding skills on ponies have earn these Bajau nickname 'Cowboy Of The East' and their colourful costumes (as well of their ponies) are greatly admired. The Murut reside mainly in the hinterland, with many still occupying the traditional long house. Once feared of their Headhunting, the Muruts now, mainly use their Blowpipes and Darts for hunting food and ceremonial occasion.The highlight of all ethnic community festival is the Harvest Festival held in may. Traditionally, it is a ceremony to give thanks to the rice-spirit for a bountiful harvest and to ensure the same of the next season. Gong-beating competition, unduk ngadau (Harvest Queen), buffalo-races and other traditional sports, the appearance of the 'Bobohizan' or the 'Hight Priestess', are all part of the interesting festival. The majority of the ethnic communities in SABAH are either Muslim or Christian bye choice. Hence, in additional to their traditional celebration, the respective communities also celebrate Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Haji, Awal Muharram, Good Friday and Christmas.The Chinese who migrated in great numbers to SABAH during the early years of the North Borneo Chatered Company era, make up large portion of non-indigenous people. Living mostly in and around city areas, they engaged themselves primarily in the commercial sectors of the economy.The Chinese has adapted themselves well in SABAH with many of their traditional beliefs and celebration such as Wesak Day and Chinese New Year, are still being observed and celebrated in SABAH, not only the Chinese alone but the community as one.SABAH's wide variety of attractions, the physical beauty of the island, the year-round pleasant climate and the friendly people make SABAH a place regarded by many visitors as the "BORNEOS'S.

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Nur Wardina Safiyah Bt. Rufaizal.(5Amir)                   SABAH - is the second largest state in Malayisa, it is situated at the northern part of the Island of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. It covers area 72 500 sq kilometers with a coastline of 14 400 kilometers long washed by the South China Sea in the west, the Sulu Sea in the northeast and the Celebes Sea in the east.The Kota Kinabalu City is the capital of SABAH, set between lush, tropical hills and fronting emerald green waters-vibrant and exciting yet serene and uplifting, what with its eco-treasures from top to bottom. Formerly known as Jesselton before it's name was changed in 1986 to Kota Kinabalu, the states capital is also affectionally called KK by locals. Known as 'The Land Below The Wind' because geographically, it is below the typhoon belt. The three million population of SABAH is as diverse as its ecology. Comprising of a colourful mix of 32 ethnic group and other non-indigenous people - they are all interwoven by culture, tradition, marriage and language. The result is the face and dialect unmistakably SABAH.The largets ethnic group is the Kadazandusun, making up 1/3 of the total population, they can be found on the west coast, to the interior. Formerly the main rice-producer of the states, the Kadazandusun are now the major force in SABAH's rapid progress towards urban modernisation.The Bajau were originally the seafarers of Borneo. Many still reside along the coastline with fishing being a major occupation. Their riding skills on ponies have earn these Bajau nickname 'Cowboy Of The East' and their colourful costumes (as well of their ponies) are greatly admired. The Murut reside mainly in the hinterland, with many still occupying the traditional long house. Once feared of their Headhunting, the Muruts now, mainly use their Blowpipes and Darts for hunting food and ceremonial occasion.The highlight of all ethnic community festival is the Harvest Festival held in may. Traditionally, it is a ceremony to give thanks to the rice-spirit for a bountiful harvest and to ensure the same of the next season. Gong-beating competition, unduk ngadau (Harvest Queen), buffalo-races and other traditional sports, the appearance of the 'Bobohizan' or the 'Hight Priestess', are all part of the interesting festival. The majority of the ethnic communities in SABAH are either Muslim or Christian bye choice. Hence, in additional to their traditional celebration, the respective communities also celebrate Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Haji, Awal Muharram, Good Friday and Christmas.The Chinese who migrated in great numbers to SABAH during the early years of the North Borneo Chatered Company era, make up large portion of non-indigenous people. Living mostly in and around city areas, they engaged themselves primarily in the commercial sectors of the economy.The Chinese has adapted themselves well in SABAH with many of their traditional beliefs and celebration such as Wesak Day and Chinese New Year, are still being observed and celebrated in SABAH, not only the Chinese alone but the community as one.SABAH's wide variety of attractions, the physical beauty of the island, the year-round pleasant climate and the friendly people make SABAH a place regarded by many visitors as the "BORNEOS'S.

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Sarawak is the largest of 13 state
in Malaysia.Located on the north-western tip of Borneo,it covers 124,450 sq.Km and stretches over 750km.It makes up 37.5% of land area in country.Sarawak is slightly larger than South Korea.The quaint city of Kuching is Sarawak's capital and main entry point.
Sarawak has more than 40 sub -ethnic groups,each with its own distinct language, culture and lifestyle. Cities and larger towns
are  populated predominantly by Malays, Melanaus,Chinese,Indian and a smaller percentage of Ibans and Bidayuhs who have migrated from their home-village for employment reason.
In general, there are six major ethnic group in Sarawak:Iban, Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu, Melanau and several minor ethnic group placed collectively under "other", such as Indian, Eurasian, Kedayan, Javanese,Bugis,Murut and many more.Unlike Indonesi, the term Dayak is not officially used to address Sarawakian's native ethnicity.
Among the famous fair that we can visit is Sarawak Cultural Village and Heritage Centre, Fort Margherita, Great Cat Statue, Pepper and Sarawak Museum.

THANK YOU :>

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Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia.It is the third largest island in the world.Kota Kinabalu City is the capital of Sabah.Sabah was formerly known as Jesselton before it's name was change in 1986.The largest ethnic group in Sabah was Kadazandusun.The three main indigenuous groups of Sabah are the Kadazandusun,Murut, and Bajau.Sabah's traditional house was the long house.The highlight of all the ethnic community festival is the Harvest Festival held in May.Traditionally, it is a ceremony to give thanks to the rice-spirit for a bountiful harvest.The head of Sabah is the Governor, also known as Yang di-Pertua Negeri.Mount Kinabalu was known as the highest mountain in Malaysia.The mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with betweeen 5,000 and 6,000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identify.Among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as Rafflesian and Orangutans.

THANK YOU  :>

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NUR HUSNA BT MOHD  HAMZI    INTRODUCTION TO SABAHAbout Sabah                The Land Below the Wind, SABAH is the second largest state in Malaysia; which                 consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories. With an area that spans 72,500                 sq. kilometres, topped with a coastline surrounded by the South China Sea in the                 West, the Sulu Sea in the Northeast and Celebes Sea in the East, Sabah sits on                 the northern-most part of Borneo; the third largest island in the world. Blessed                 with an abundance of natural resources and unimaginable beauty of its nature,                 Sabah is the melting pot of unique and distinctive cultural identities and                 ethnicity of its people.             Climate / Temperature                The climate throughout the state is considered to be equatorial / tropical -                 with the estimated temperature of 32°C (90°F) for lowland areas and the average                 21°C (70°F) for highlands area, Sabah is typically hot and sunny all year round.                 In a tropical climate, it is advisable to dress comfortably in lightweight                 linens / cottons, T-shirt, shorts, or jeans to avoid overheating. Rainfall is                 also common throughout the year, but it can be considerably wetter during the                 North East Monsoon (October - February) season, and hotter/drier between May and                 September.             Flora and Fauna Did you know that wildlife studies made by the National Geographic revealed that                 10 sq. kilometres of Sabah has more flora and fauna than North America and                 Europe combined? The jungles in Sabah are classified as rainforest, which                 scientists estimate it at 130 million years old - one of the oldest in the                 world! Kinabalu Park, which occupies an area around Mount Kinabalu spanning                 about 754 sq. kilometres. It is a botanical paradise to the most remarkable                 assemblage of plants species and wildlife in the world. The vegetation in the                 park can change from lush tropical lowland forest to cool alpine meadow and                 everything else in between. Rafflesia, the world's largest flower, is also found                 here. This parasitic flower takes about 9 months to bloom, but only live for 3-4                 days emitting an unpleasant odour that attracts insects such as flies for                 pollination. Besides that, the world's largest pitcher plant (the insect eating                 Nepenthes Rajah), which is endemic to Mount Kinabalu can also be found here as                 well. Even though most mammals live in the lowlands around Kinabalu Park,                 primates like langurs, monkeys, gibbons, tarsiers and the slow loris have all                 been spotted in the park. Besides that, the park is also home to other larger                 animals like the rare clouded leopard, bearded pig, sun bear, 3 species of deer                 (the large sambar deer, the smaller barking deer and the tiny mouse deer), and                 other smaller mammals like shrews, squirrels, as well as a few species of                 insectivores like the moon rat. In 2000,                 Kinabalu National Park                 was officially designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site due to the park's                 high biodiversity with representatives from more than half of the families of                 all flowering plants and many threatened and vulnerable animals.Sabah's People and History                Sabah's population is made up 33 indigenous groups that communicate in over 50                 languages and 80 ethic dialects. The Kadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group                 in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. Celebrated annually on 30th                 & 31st May, the Harvest Festival is the most celebrated holiday of the year by                 the Kadazan-Dusun to honor the Rice Spirit and to give thanks for a bountiful                 harvest. The Bajaus, or also known as "Cowboys of the East", and Muruts, the                 hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest                 ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include the Bisaya,                 Brunei Malay, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Ludayeh, Rungus, Suluk, Minokok, Bonggi,                 the Ida'an, and many more. In addition to that, the Chinese makes up the main                 non-indigenous group of the population.                The history of Sabah can be traced back to about 20,000 - 30, 000 years ago with                 evidence that suggests early human settlement existed. The North Borneo                 Chartered Company effectively ruled Sabah (then known as North Borneo) from 1881                 until 1942, when the Japanese forces invaded North Borneo during the World War                 II. After the devastation of the war, the North Borneo Chartered Company did not                 have the financial resources to reconstruct the state; hence, the territory was                 placed under control of the colonial office and became a British crown colony on                 15 July 1946. Several years after that, Sabah gained self-government from the                 British, and was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore to form the                 independent Federation of Malaysia on 16th September 1963.                             Geography & Environment                Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak, which shares its                 borders on Sabah's south west region. Along with Sarawak, it also shares borders                 with East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. The state's geographical                 structure is a mixture of mountainous regions, beaches and tropical rain                 forests. One of the most prominent ranges located at the centre of Sabah                 heartland is the Crocker Range, which houses several mountains of various                 heights from about 1,000 metres to 4,000 metres. The highest peak of this range                 at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft) above sea level is known as Mount Kinabalu; one of                 the highest mountain in South East Asia. The Crocker Mountain range stretches                 from the north to the south, dividing the hilly region on the west and the                 plains on the east. With the length of 560km and flows from the Crocker Mountain                 Range to the Sulu Sea at the east of Sandakan, the Kinabatangan River is easily                 the longest river in Sabah. Like the dense tropical forests in the state, the                 Kinabatangan River also supports many fascinating wildlife and houses habitats                 that are unique only to this region.                             Sabah has a long history of setting aside important natural areas for                 conservation of its unique flora and fauna. These important wildlife regions for                 the purpose of fast and flexible protection of wildlife and habitats include:                    Maliau Basin, otherwise dubbed as "Sabah's Lost World", is located in a                     conserved area surrounding the Maliau River in Tawau; the south Central Part of                     Sabah. Maliau Basin is an unusual assemblage of 12 forest types, comprising                     mainly of lower montane forest dominated by majestic Agathis trees, rare montane                     heath forest, and lowland/hill dipterocarp forest.                     Danum Valley, a sprawling 438 sq. kilometre of undisturbed land; which lies                     70km west of Lahad Datu, boasts one of the richest conservation areas in the                     world with over 200 species of tree per hectare thriving on it. It is a natural                     home for endangered wildlife species such as the Sumatran Rhino, Banteng, Asian                     Elephant, Orang Utan, and Proboscis Monkey.                    Imbak Canyon, a conservation area located over 300 km south east of Kota                     Kinabalu is one of the biggest and last remaining areas of undisturbed lowland                     rainforest in Sabah. In this site, one can find the 30 meters-wide Imbak Falls,                     one of Sabah's widest, and the most outstanding waterfalls in Malaysia.                    Tabin, or better known as the Tabin Wildlife Reserve because of the large                     number of animals inhabiting its forest - some of which are highly endangered.                     Three of the largest mammals in Sabah, namely the Borneo Pygmy Elephant,                     Sumatran Rhinoceros and Tembadau (Borneo Wild Cattle), 8 primates species, 3                     species of cats which are in the protected wildlife list, along with 42 families                     representing 220 species of birds can also be found here in the reserve.                                     Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, where the Sepilok Orang Utan Centre is                     located, protects a fraction of tropical lowland Dipterocarp forest which also                     includes a small coverage of mangrove swamp. This reserve also protects orang                     utans that have been rescued, rehabilitated and released into the forest. Other                     than the orang utans, it is also home other small and overlooked creatures.                Sabah Economy                The economy of Sabah has always been heavily dependent on the export of its                 primary and minimally processed commodities. Aside from the usual lumber                 milling, the agriculture, tourism and manufacturing sectors are growing vastly,                 and it is quickly becoming the main source of economy in Sabah. However,                 petroleum, palm oil and cacao still remained three of the most exported                 commodities from the state. Due to the land's rich natural resources, almost 1/7                 of the land in areas around Sabah is suitable for agriculture development.                             Agriculture                Sabah is the sole manufacturer of oil palm and cacao in Malaysia. Oil palm                 plantation covered over 700,000 hectares of the East Coast area of Sabah, it has                 also contributed about 25% of the country's raw oil palm export. Traditionally,                 Sabah was heavily dependent on lumber based export, but with increasing                 depletion at an alarming rate of the natural forests, ecological efforts to save                 the remaining natural rainforests areas were made in early 1982.                Manufacturing                There are hundreds of SMI and SME in Sabah, some companies have become a                 household name such as Gardenia, Ken Chong, Cap Kuda, and many more. With the                 Sabah government pursuing industrialization with the Sabah Development Corridor                 plan; concentrating specifically in the Sepanggar area where KKIP Industrial                 Park and Sepanggar Container Port Terminal is located, there will soon be more                 manufacturing companies that will start up there in the near future.                Sabah Tourism                Eco-tourism is a major contributor to Sabah's economy. Whether it is the white                 sandy beaches, lush green forests, exotic wildlife, fun adventure, succulent                 cuisine, or rich cultural experience, there is always something for everyone.                 Sabah is also the host to one of world's top dive site,                 Sipadan Island; and World                 Heritage Site,                 Kinabalu National Park, due to their rich ecosystem of marine life and                 wildlife habitats.                             Languages                Bahasa Malaysia is the national language which is spoken widely across                 ethnicities in Sabah. However, the way Sabahans speak Bahasa Malaysia is with                 the Sabahan Baku dialect; which is a little different from West Malaysian                 dialect. Apart from the respective indigenous mother-tongue such as Kadazan,                 Dusun, Bajau, and Murut; Mandarin and some Chinese dialects like the Hakka and                 Cantonese, as well as the English language are also spoken here.                             Sabah People                Kazadan / Dusun                Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of                 two indigenous tribes in Sabah. They are also the largest ethnic group which                 comprises about 1/3 of the population - Kadazan and Dusun. Traditionally, they                 are mostly traditional farmers cultivating paddy rice and upland rice, as well                 as hunting and ravine fishing. The Sumazau dance is the traditional dance of the                 Kadazan-Dusun community.                             Murut                The Murut are an indigenous ethnic group which comprises 29 sub-ethnic groups                 inhabiting the northern inland regions of Borneo. The Muruts were the last of                 Sabah's ethnic groups to renounce headhunting. This is because collecting heads                 of enemies traditionally served a very important role in Murut spiritual                 beliefs. The literal translation of murut is "hill people". Traditionally, they                 were shifting cultivators of hill paddy and tapioca, but they also do activities                 like blowpipe hunting and some fishing. They live in communal longhouses near                 rivers, using it as the means to travel.                             Bajau and Kindred groups                The Bajau people are an indigenous ethnic group that live in the West Coast                 (Putatan, Tuaran, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Papar) and East Coast of Sabah                 (Kudat, Sandakan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna, Tawau). They work as farmers and                 fishermen. Besides being expert divers, they are also popular for their                 excellent horsemanship. Hence, the Bajau tribe from the West Coast are known as                 the "cowboys of the east", while their East Coast tribe have sometimes been                 referred to as the "Sea Gypsies" for their seafaring ways.                             Other                Other indigenous people in the state include Rungus, Iranun, Bisaya, Tatana, Lun                 Dayeh, Suluk, Sino, Ida'an, Bugis, Kagayan, Tindal, Tobilungm Lobu, Bonggi,                 Tidong and many more. Bumiputera is a Malaysian term to describe the Malay race                 and the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia. The term                 can be translated literally as "prince of the the soil".                             Non-Indigenous                The Chinese made up the largest non-indigenous group in Sabah. They settled in                 parts of Sabah in the 19th century and worked as miners when valuable metals                 such as gold and tin were discovered. Majority of the ethnic Chinese here are of                 Hakka descent, many of them were involved in agriculture until this day,                 especially those living in rural towns such as Tenom and Kudat.                             Cultures & Arts                With a population that is heterogeneous and culturally diverse with more than 30                 different ethnic races, one can expect to be enchanted by different traditions                 and customs that have long been part of Sabahans' daily lives. One can expect to                 see tribal dresses of various styles that have retained much of their original                 design and colour. Traditional costumes also included antique beads, necklaces                 and belts, antique hand-engraved silver jewellery, and belts of old silver                 dollar coins that are handed down from generation to generation. Other than                 that, each indigenous group also has their own unique dance, music and                 handicraft that differentiate themselves from each other.                             Common Customs                Sabah, which is also a part of Malaysia, still retain customary practices like                 dressing modestly and removing shoes before entering a mosque or temples- namely                 places of worship. Although handshakes are generally acceptable, however, some                 Muslim ladies may acknowledge introductions to gentlemen merely by nodding and                 smiling. Smiling and nodding the head is the simplest way to greet anyone,                 moreover there is no chance of getting into trouble with such gesture.                             Currency                Sabah is utilising the currency of Malaysia, the Malaysian Ringgit (RM).                Traveller's cheques and foreign currencies can be changed for Malaysian Ringgit                 at banks and hotels. However, major hotels may charge a nominal fee for currency                 conversion. There are also money changer kiosks available every major shopping                 complexes and airport.                             Major Credit and Charge Cards                VISA, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club - credit and charge cards are                 accepted in almost all departmental stores, supermarkets, petrol stations and                 restaurants.                Banking Hours                The banking hour for Monday through Friday is from 9.30am to 3pm.                Local Time                Sabah is using the Malaysian Standard Time with UTC Malaysia + 8 hours, it is                 also 8 hours ahead of GMT.                Shopping                             Shopping centres, supermarkets, restaurants and cafes are generally open daily                 from 10am to 10pm.                List of shopping centre for major town:Kota Kinabalu:                     1Borneo Leisure & Lifestyle Hyper Mall (10:00 - 22:00) Suria Sabah (10:00 - 22:00) City Mall Kota Kinabalu (10:00 - 22:00) Wisma Merdeka (10:00 - 20:00)Karamunsing Shopping Centre (10:00 - 20:00) KK Plaza (10:00 - 18:00) Centre Point Sabah (10:00 - 21:00) Warisan Square (10:00 - 20:00) Asia City Complex (10:00 - 20:00) Tanjung Aru Plaza (10:00 - 18:00) Megalong Mall Penampang (10:00 - 20:00) SandakanGentingmas MallHarbour MallTawauSabindo PlazaEastern PlazaLahad DatuLahad Datu Shopping CentreDarvel Bay PlazaMillemewa Shopping Centre                 Restaurants                When eating out in Sabah, one can expect to find local favourites like                 traditional Malay, Chinese, and Indian food. However, there are also                 international delights like Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai,                 Filipino, French, Italian, Western, Hungarian, and many more, thanks to Sabah's                 extensive cultural diversity. There are also a variety of restaurants around                 town that serves fusion cuisine for those who couldn't decide on what to eat.                 Restaurants in Sabah can be as casual as a quick bite at a roadside-stall, or as                 formal as a fine-dining restaurant at the 5-star resorts.Little Italy El Centro FireFly Bar & Grill's Restaurant Ocean Seafood Restaurant Twin-Sky Seafood Restaurant Sushi Tei Nishiki Japanese Restaurant King Hu Restaurant Party Play Cafe Upperstar Restaurant & Bar The Hut Toscani Kak Nong Restaurant Bella Italia Restaurant Salim Chilli Vanilla                 Electricity & Water Facilities                Electricity is on the 240 Volts AC/ 50-Cycle system. Most major city and towns                 such as Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu, Kudat, and etc. already                 have the treated pipe water available.                Communications                Mobile telecommunications can be accessed in many parts of Sabah with the                 exception of some remote areas. The major telecommunication service providers                 available are Telekom Malaysia, Maxis, DiGi, Celcom, TuneTalk, XOX Mobile and                 U-Mobile. Malaysia uses GSM type of mobile phones; therefore, a SIM card is                 required to make call from your GSM-enabled mobile phone. A prepaid card can be                 purchased at any Telco outlet in most major shopping malls.                Medical                Government hospitals, clinics and dispensaries are available in all towns. The                 list of private hospital, medical practitioners, clinic, and pharmacies are also                 available as the following:Sabah Medical Centre Damai Specialist Centre Rafflesia Medical CentrePermai Polyclinics City Medical Centre Ganesh Clinic & Surgery Medisinar Klinik & Surgery Sdn. Bhd. Klinik & Surgeri Hilltop Sdn. Bhd. 

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NUR HUSNA BT MOHD  HAMZI    INTRODUCTION TO SABAHAbout Sabah                The Land Below the Wind, SABAH is the second largest state in Malaysia; which                 consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories. With an area that spans 72,500                 sq. kilometres, topped with a coastline surrounded by the South China Sea in the                 West, the Sulu Sea in the Northeast and Celebes Sea in the East, Sabah sits on                 the northern-most part of Borneo; the third largest island in the world. Blessed                 with an abundance of natural resources and unimaginable beauty of its nature,                 Sabah is the melting pot of unique and distinctive cultural identities and                 ethnicity of its people.             Climate / Temperature                The climate throughout the state is considered to be equatorial / tropical -                 with the estimated temperature of 32°C (90°F) for lowland areas and the average                 21°C (70°F) for highlands area, Sabah is typically hot and sunny all year round.                 In a tropical climate, it is advisable to dress comfortably in lightweight                 linens / cottons, T-shirt, shorts, or jeans to avoid overheating. Rainfall is                 also common throughout the year, but it can be considerably wetter during the                 North East Monsoon (October - February) season, and hotter/drier between May and                 September.             Flora and Fauna Did you know that wildlife studies made by the National Geographic revealed that                 10 sq. kilometres of Sabah has more flora and fauna than North America and                 Europe combined? The jungles in Sabah are classified as rainforest, which                 scientists estimate it at 130 million years old - one of the oldest in the                 world! Kinabalu Park, which occupies an area around Mount Kinabalu spanning                 about 754 sq. kilometres. It is a botanical paradise to the most remarkable                 assemblage of plants species and wildlife in the world. The vegetation in the                 park can change from lush tropical lowland forest to cool alpine meadow and                 everything else in between. Rafflesia, the world's largest flower, is also found                 here. This parasitic flower takes about 9 months to bloom, but only live for 3-4                 days emitting an unpleasant odour that attracts insects such as flies for                 pollination. Besides that, the world's largest pitcher plant (the insect eating                 Nepenthes Rajah), which is endemic to Mount Kinabalu can also be found here as                 well. Even though most mammals live in the lowlands around Kinabalu Park,                 primates like langurs, monkeys, gibbons, tarsiers and the slow loris have all                 been spotted in the park. Besides that, the park is also home to other larger                 animals like the rare clouded leopard, bearded pig, sun bear, 3 species of deer                 (the large sambar deer, the smaller barking deer and the tiny mouse deer), and                 other smaller mammals like shrews, squirrels, as well as a few species of                 insectivores like the moon rat. In 2000,                 Kinabalu National Park                 was officially designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site due to the park's                 high biodiversity with representatives from more than half of the families of                 all flowering plants and many threatened and vulnerable animals.Sabah's People and History                Sabah's population is made up 33 indigenous groups that communicate in over 50                 languages and 80 ethic dialects. The Kadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group                 in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. Celebrated annually on 30th                 & 31st May, the Harvest Festival is the most celebrated holiday of the year by                 the Kadazan-Dusun to honor the Rice Spirit and to give thanks for a bountiful                 harvest. The Bajaus, or also known as "Cowboys of the East", and Muruts, the                 hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest                 ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include the Bisaya,                 Brunei Malay, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Ludayeh, Rungus, Suluk, Minokok, Bonggi,                 the Ida'an, and many more. In addition to that, the Chinese makes up the main                 non-indigenous group of the population.                The history of Sabah can be traced back to about 20,000 - 30, 000 years ago with                 evidence that suggests early human settlement existed. The North Borneo                 Chartered Company effectively ruled Sabah (then known as North Borneo) from 1881                 until 1942, when the Japanese forces invaded North Borneo during the World War                 II. After the devastation of the war, the North Borneo Chartered Company did not                 have the financial resources to reconstruct the state; hence, the territory was                 placed under control of the colonial office and became a British crown colony on                 15 July 1946. Several years after that, Sabah gained self-government from the                 British, and was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore to form the                 independent Federation of Malaysia on 16th September 1963.                             Geography & Environment                Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak, which shares its                 borders on Sabah's south west region. Along with Sarawak, it also shares borders                 with East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. The state's geographical                 structure is a mixture of mountainous regions, beaches and tropical rain                 forests. One of the most prominent ranges located at the centre of Sabah                 heartland is the Crocker Range, which houses several mountains of various                 heights from about 1,000 metres to 4,000 metres. The highest peak of this range                 at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft) above sea level is known as Mount Kinabalu; one of                 the highest mountain in South East Asia. The Crocker Mountain range stretches                 from the north to the south, dividing the hilly region on the west and the                 plains on the east. With the length of 560km and flows from the Crocker Mountain                 Range to the Sulu Sea at the east of Sandakan, the Kinabatangan River is easily                 the longest river in Sabah. Like the dense tropical forests in the state, the                 Kinabatangan River also supports many fascinating wildlife and houses habitats                 that are unique only to this region.                             Sabah has a long history of setting aside important natural areas for                 conservation of its unique flora and fauna. These important wildlife regions for                 the purpose of fast and flexible protection of wildlife and habitats include:                    Maliau Basin, otherwise dubbed as "Sabah's Lost World", is located in a                     conserved area surrounding the Maliau River in Tawau; the south Central Part of                     Sabah. Maliau Basin is an unusual assemblage of 12 forest types, comprising                     mainly of lower montane forest dominated by majestic Agathis trees, rare montane                     heath forest, and lowland/hill dipterocarp forest.                     Danum Valley, a sprawling 438 sq. kilometre of undisturbed land; which lies                     70km west of Lahad Datu, boasts one of the richest conservation areas in the                     world with over 200 species of tree per hectare thriving on it. It is a natural                     home for endangered wildlife species such as the Sumatran Rhino, Banteng, Asian                     Elephant, Orang Utan, and Proboscis Monkey.                    Imbak Canyon, a conservation area located over 300 km south east of Kota                     Kinabalu is one of the biggest and last remaining areas of undisturbed lowland                     rainforest in Sabah. In this site, one can find the 30 meters-wide Imbak Falls,                     one of Sabah's widest, and the most outstanding waterfalls in Malaysia.                    Tabin, or better known as the Tabin Wildlife Reserve because of the large                     number of animals inhabiting its forest - some of which are highly endangered.                     Three of the largest mammals in Sabah, namely the Borneo Pygmy Elephant,                     Sumatran Rhinoceros and Tembadau (Borneo Wild Cattle), 8 primates species, 3                     species of cats which are in the protected wildlife list, along with 42 families                     representing 220 species of birds can also be found here in the reserve.                                     Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, where the Sepilok Orang Utan Centre is                     located, protects a fraction of tropical lowland Dipterocarp forest which also                     includes a small coverage of mangrove swamp. This reserve also protects orang                     utans that have been rescued, rehabilitated and released into the forest. Other                     than the orang utans, it is also home other small and overlooked creatures.                Sabah Economy                The economy of Sabah has always been heavily dependent on the export of its                 primary and minimally processed commodities. Aside from the usual lumber                 milling, the agriculture, tourism and manufacturing sectors are growing vastly,                 and it is quickly becoming the main source of economy in Sabah. However,                 petroleum, palm oil and cacao still remained three of the most exported                 commodities from the state. Due to the land's rich natural resources, almost 1/7                 of the land in areas around Sabah is suitable for agriculture development.                             Agriculture                Sabah is the sole manufacturer of oil palm and cacao in Malaysia. Oil palm                 plantation covered over 700,000 hectares of the East Coast area of Sabah, it has                 also contributed about 25% of the country's raw oil palm export. Traditionally,                 Sabah was heavily dependent on lumber based export, but with increasing                 depletion at an alarming rate of the natural forests, ecological efforts to save                 the remaining natural rainforests areas were made in early 1982.                Manufacturing                There are hundreds of SMI and SME in Sabah, some companies have become a                 household name such as Gardenia, Ken Chong, Cap Kuda, and many more. With the                 Sabah government pursuing industrialization with the Sabah Development Corridor                 plan; concentrating specifically in the Sepanggar area where KKIP Industrial                 Park and Sepanggar Container Port Terminal is located, there will soon be more                 manufacturing companies that will start up there in the near future.                Sabah Tourism                Eco-tourism is a major contributor to Sabah's economy. Whether it is the white                 sandy beaches, lush green forests, exotic wildlife, fun adventure, succulent                 cuisine, or rich cultural experience, there is always something for everyone.                 Sabah is also the host to one of world's top dive site,                 Sipadan Island; and World                 Heritage Site,                 Kinabalu National Park, due to their rich ecosystem of marine life and                 wildlife habitats.                             Languages                Bahasa Malaysia is the national language which is spoken widely across                 ethnicities in Sabah. However, the way Sabahans speak Bahasa Malaysia is with                 the Sabahan Baku dialect; which is a little different from West Malaysian                 dialect. Apart from the respective indigenous mother-tongue such as Kadazan,                 Dusun, Bajau, and Murut; Mandarin and some Chinese dialects like the Hakka and                 Cantonese, as well as the English language are also spoken here.                             Sabah People                Kazadan / Dusun                Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of                 two indigenous tribes in Sabah. They are also the largest ethnic group which                 comprises about 1/3 of the population - Kadazan and Dusun. Traditionally, they                 are mostly traditional farmers cultivating paddy rice and upland rice, as well                 as hunting and ravine fishing. The Sumazau dance is the traditional dance of the                 Kadazan-Dusun community.                             Murut                The Murut are an indigenous ethnic group which comprises 29 sub-ethnic groups                 inhabiting the northern inland regions of Borneo. The Muruts were the last of                 Sabah's ethnic groups to renounce headhunting. This is because collecting heads                 of enemies traditionally served a very important role in Murut spiritual                 beliefs. The literal translation of murut is "hill people". Traditionally, they                 were shifting cultivators of hill paddy and tapioca, but they also do activities                 like blowpipe hunting and some fishing. They live in communal longhouses near                 rivers, using it as the means to travel.                             Bajau and Kindred groups                The Bajau people are an indigenous ethnic group that live in the West Coast                 (Putatan, Tuaran, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Papar) and East Coast of Sabah                 (Kudat, Sandakan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna, Tawau). They work as farmers and                 fishermen. Besides being expert divers, they are also popular for their                 excellent horsemanship. Hence, the Bajau tribe from the West Coast are known as                 the "cowboys of the east", while their East Coast tribe have sometimes been                 referred to as the "Sea Gypsies" for their seafaring ways.                             Other                Other indigenous people in the state include Rungus, Iranun, Bisaya, Tatana, Lun                 Dayeh, Suluk, Sino, Ida'an, Bugis, Kagayan, Tindal, Tobilungm Lobu, Bonggi,                 Tidong and many more. Bumiputera is a Malaysian term to describe the Malay race                 and the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia. The term                 can be translated literally as "prince of the the soil".                             Non-Indigenous                The Chinese made up the largest non-indigenous group in Sabah. They settled in                 parts of Sabah in the 19th century and worked as miners when valuable metals                 such as gold and tin were discovered. Majority of the ethnic Chinese here are of                 Hakka descent, many of them were involved in agriculture until this day,                 especially those living in rural towns such as Tenom and Kudat.                             Cultures & Arts                With a population that is heterogeneous and culturally diverse with more than 30                 different ethnic races, one can expect to be enchanted by different traditions                 and customs that have long been part of Sabahans' daily lives. One can expect to                 see tribal dresses of various styles that have retained much of their original                 design and colour. Traditional costumes also included antique beads, necklaces                 and belts, antique hand-engraved silver jewellery, and belts of old silver                 dollar coins that are handed down from generation to generation. Other than                 that, each indigenous group also has their own unique dance, music and                 handicraft that differentiate themselves from each other.                             Common Customs                Sabah, which is also a part of Malaysia, still retain customary practices like                 dressing modestly and removing shoes before entering a mosque or temples- namely                 places of worship. Although handshakes are generally acceptable, however, some                 Muslim ladies may acknowledge introductions to gentlemen merely by nodding and                 smiling. Smiling and nodding the head is the simplest way to greet anyone,                 moreover there is no chance of getting into trouble with such gesture.                             Currency                Sabah is utilising the currency of Malaysia, the Malaysian Ringgit (RM).                Traveller's cheques and foreign currencies can be changed for Malaysian Ringgit                 at banks and hotels. However, major hotels may charge a nominal fee for currency                 conversion. There are also money changer kiosks available every major shopping                 complexes and airport.                             Major Credit and Charge Cards                VISA, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club - credit and charge cards are                 accepted in almost all departmental stores, supermarkets, petrol stations and                 restaurants.                Banking Hours                The banking hour for Monday through Friday is from 9.30am to 3pm.                Local Time                Sabah is using the Malaysian Standard Time with UTC Malaysia + 8 hours, it is                 also 8 hours ahead of GMT.                Shopping                             Shopping centres, supermarkets, restaurants and cafes are generally open daily                 from 10am to 10pm.                List of shopping centre for major town:Kota Kinabalu:                     1Borneo Leisure & Lifestyle Hyper Mall (10:00 - 22:00) Suria Sabah (10:00 - 22:00) City Mall Kota Kinabalu (10:00 - 22:00) Wisma Merdeka (10:00 - 20:00)Karamunsing Shopping Centre (10:00 - 20:00) KK Plaza (10:00 - 18:00) Centre Point Sabah (10:00 - 21:00) Warisan Square (10:00 - 20:00) Asia City Complex (10:00 - 20:00) Tanjung Aru Plaza (10:00 - 18:00) Megalong Mall Penampang (10:00 - 20:00) SandakanGentingmas MallHarbour MallTawauSabindo PlazaEastern PlazaLahad DatuLahad Datu Shopping CentreDarvel Bay PlazaMillemewa Shopping Centre                 Restaurants                When eating out in Sabah, one can expect to find local favourites like                 traditional Malay, Chinese, and Indian food. However, there are also                 international delights like Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai,                 Filipino, French, Italian, Western, Hungarian, and many more, thanks to Sabah's                 extensive cultural diversity. There are also a variety of restaurants around                 town that serves fusion cuisine for those who couldn't decide on what to eat.                 Restaurants in Sabah can be as casual as a quick bite at a roadside-stall, or as                 formal as a fine-dining restaurant at the 5-star resorts.Little Italy El Centro FireFly Bar & Grill's Restaurant Ocean Seafood Restaurant Twin-Sky Seafood Restaurant Sushi Tei Nishiki Japanese Restaurant King Hu Restaurant Party Play Cafe Upperstar Restaurant & Bar The Hut Toscani Kak Nong Restaurant Bella Italia Restaurant Salim Chilli Vanilla                 Electricity & Water Facilities                Electricity is on the 240 Volts AC/ 50-Cycle system. Most major city and towns                 such as Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu, Kudat, and etc. already                 have the treated pipe water available.                Communications                Mobile telecommunications can be accessed in many parts of Sabah with the                 exception of some remote areas. The major telecommunication service providers                 available are Telekom Malaysia, Maxis, DiGi, Celcom, TuneTalk, XOX Mobile and                 U-Mobile. Malaysia uses GSM type of mobile phones; therefore, a SIM card is                 required to make call from your GSM-enabled mobile phone. A prepaid card can be                 purchased at any Telco outlet in most major shopping malls.                Medical                Government hospitals, clinics and dispensaries are available in all towns. The                 list of private hospital, medical practitioners, clinic, and pharmacies are also                 available as the following:Sabah Medical Centre Damai Specialist Centre Rafflesia Medical CentrePermai Polyclinics City Medical Centre Ganesh Clinic & Surgery Medisinar Klinik & Surgery Sdn. Bhd. Klinik & Surgeri Hilltop Sdn. Bhd. 

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Look for information about Sabah and Sarawak. Add pictures where possible.