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- Contains the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
- used in refrigerator, aerol spray, foam, packing material and solvents
- when released the deplete the ozone layer

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- If Co2 levels are too high, more heat is trapped and temperature increases overtime --> decrease rainfall --> hotter summers --> melting polar ice caps

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six main factors called controls that influence weather and climate

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six main factors called controls that influence weather and climate

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1) Latitude- north/south
2) Altitude- distance from sea level
3) Prevailing winds- direction wind usually blows
4) Topography- land features
5) Ocean currents
6) Distances from large bodies of water

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The process of trapping heat and is necessary in order for earth's atmosphere to hold heat

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Contribute to green house effect -carbon dioxide (CO2) -methane (CH4) -nitrous oxide (NO) -chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) -water vapour (H2O).

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Relative increase in temperature with height in lower part of atmosphere.

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- Air is saturated due to temp drop sufficient for condensation to occur.
- Also when moisture is introduced by sea breeze while temperature remains constant.

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- Cloud at ground level.
- Visibility between 1000 & 5000m.
- Relative humidity over 93%
- During calm, HP conditions

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Cloud at ground level.Visibility below 1000m.During calm, HP conditions.

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- Air is cooled
- More water is added to atmosphere

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Temperature at which relative humidity is 100%

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When warm air flows over cold surface.

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When ground loses heat at night due to LW radiation.

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- Mist & Fog
- Dew

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Water vapour presents as a % of amount of air at that temperature can hold

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Amount of water in atmosphere

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Heat transferred to soil and bedrock during day rises up to surface at night.

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Reflection of Earth's energy into atmosphere and some into space

Downward movement of radiation from particles in atmosphere

Difference = net radiation balance

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Heat released when water condenses. When condenses close to surface, cools at night.

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Cloudless: Large loss of radiation
Cloudy: Less radiation loss

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Condensation on surface

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- Long wave radiation
- Latent heat transfer
- Sub-Surface supply
- Sensible heat transfer

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When water present at a surface a proportion of energy available will be used to evaporate it, therefore less energy will be available to raise local energy levels and temperature.

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Occurs when energy reaches surface heating it up.

- Depends on surface nature...

Good conductor = surface remains cool
Bad conductor = surface remains hot

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Movement of parcels of air in and out of area being studied.

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- Main energy input
- Affected by latitude, season, cloud cover

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- Incoming solar radiation (Insolation)
- Reflected solar radiation
- Surface absorption
- Sensible heat transfer
- Long wave radiation
- Latent heat

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Reflected solar radiation

Proportion of energy reflected back to atmosphere.

Varies with colour

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Energy at surface = Isolation - Energy leaving surface

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Amount of energy entering a system, amount of energy leaving a system & transfer within a system