# data[].attributes.headline
Creation of the Iron Curtain November 6, 1946 - Emily

# data[].attributes.subject
Creation of the Iron Curtain November 6, 1946 - Emily

# data[].attributes.body
"Iron Curtain" was a term used to refer to the separation of the countries from the Warsaw Pact and the NATO countries. The line was a figurative and physical line that separated countries like France and Spain from former USSR lands such as Ukraine, Modern Day Russia, Hungary and Poland from 1946 until the end of the Cold War in 1991

# data[].attributes.headline
JFK Assassination Conspiracies - November 22, 1963 (Romina) 

# data[].attributes.subject
JFK Assassination Conspiracies - November 22, 1963 (Romina) 

# data[].attributes.body
President John F Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, who allegedly fired 3 shots as the President and his first lady were on a political outing in Dallas, Texas. Oswald was arrested in a movie theater later that day after having attacked a police officer who question him and taken to the Dallas police headquarters. From the events came many conspiracy theories, some even accusing the CIA to be behind the assassination but most leading relating to Soviet blame.

# data[].attributes.headline
Effect of Missile Crisis on Nikita Khrushchev  -1894-1971  (Romina)

# data[].attributes.subject
Effect of Missile Crisis on Nikita Khrushchev  -1894-1971  (Romina)

# data[].attributes.body
Nikita Khrushchev, premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964, increased tensions between the two super powers when he decided to station missiles in Cuba. The world was about to go into nuclear war but after 13 days of intense discussion Khrushchev agreed to remove the IBM. Because of this he was seen as a coward by the Soviets, specially after his de-Stalinization political reform. He was then followed by replaced by Leonid Brezhnev who took the Soviet Union back to Stalinist ideals.

# data[].attributes.body
Sputnik ("traveler" in Russian) was the first launched an artificial satellite (a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile) being the first man made object to be launched into space. Sputnik was an unpleasant surprise for Americans, launching the Space Race with the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.body
In order to end US involvement in Vietnam, President Nixon began the policy of Vietnamization where American troops would begin being replaced by Vietnamese soldiers. Vietnamization fit into Nixon's detente policy in order to ease US relations with the USSR and China.

# data[].attributes.body
The Vietnam War was something Johnson privately disagreed with, but it cast a shadow over his other foreign policy standpoints as he ended up escalating it from the groundwork Eisenhower had laid without understanding the point of view or strength of the North Vietnamese Resistance combined with fear of the domino effect. He wanted to start peace talks, but these only started after he left office.

As far as Latin America, he chose T. Mann to be Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American affairs, a choice with focused not on building democratic ties and furthering development (like Kennedy's Alliance for Progress) but instead on fighting back communism. He became more interventionist in Latin America, even deploying troops to Santo Domingo to avoid the buildup of communism there.

# data[].attributes.headline
Military-Industrial Complex, January 17, 1961 - Carl

# data[].attributes.subject
Military-Industrial Complex, January 17, 1961 - Carl

# data[].attributes.body
This phrase was coined by Dwight Eisenhower in his farewell speech on January 17, 1961. In the speech he addressed this complex and stressed that the U.S. should strive to avoid it. It refers to the relationship between industries that produce goods for the military, and the military's connection to politics and how these two strengthen each other. The industries sponsor politicians who in turn favor the military who in turn then buy and invest in these industries. This leads to a spiral that just ends in the military constantly expanding and too much power for it.

# data[].attributes.body
The U-2 Incident was when a US CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet air. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was forced to admit to the Soviets that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been flying spy missions over the USSR for several years. The U-2 spy plane incident raised tensions between the USSR and the US.

# data[].attributes.body
A Republican Senator from Wisconsin, McCarthy was looking for a solution to win the 1952 election (he was unpopular not only in his state but also in the Senate) and decided to stir up the idea of hidden Communist traitors especially within the government. The House Committee for Un-American Activities (HUAC) already existed, but when he delivered his speech saying he "had in his hand the names of 205 State Department traitors" publicity was created and many people joined in the paranoia. After he became a chair for a special Senate Committee, he probed into possible Communist tendecies of many high-up government officials, finding nothing but damaging the morale and making the investigation seem more like an embarrassing witch-hunt. President Eisenhower disagreed with his approach, but it was only after his accusations of the Army were aired on television that his downfall came. His reputation was lost and he died in 1957 of alcoholism.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Joseph Raymond McCarthy was thirty-eight when he entered the United States Senate in 1946 as a Republican from Wisconsin. The product of a Wisconsin dairy farm and the Jesuits at Marquette University in Milwaukee, he had made a career as a lawyer and judge before joining up in 1942 and serving in the Pacific. He had a satisfactory war record, though nothing like as glittering as he made it seem afterwards, when he pretended to have been a tail-gunner. Parading as a war-hero, he narrowly defeated the veteran Robert M. La Follette Jr. for the Republican nomination for senator and then swamped the Democrat in the election.

McCarthy was a far lesser figure than La Follette and he quickly earned himself a bad reputation in the Senate. His colleagues distrusted his untruthfulness, unscrupulousness, dubious connections with business interests, apparent Nazi sympathies (he had many German-American voters in Wisconsin) and general lack of principle. He was allowed only an unimportant committee appointment. By 1950 he began to worry about his prospects for re-election and looked round for a band-wagon to climb on. He duly found one in the tide of anti-Communist feeling engendered by the sharpening tensions of the Cold War, already exploited by the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Delivering a speech to the Ohio County Women's Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia, McCarthy warmed to the theme of concealed Communist traitors lurking in the recesses of the State Department and subtly bending the policy of the United States to their evil ideology. The speech echoed remarks made not long before by a Republican congressman named Richard M. Nixon, but by luck or judgment McCarthy had hit on a brilliant rhetorical device. He did not, he said, have the time to name all the Communists in the State Department, but 'I have here in my hand,' he announced, waving a piece of paper, 'a list of 205 that were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department.'

Reporters covering what they had expected to be a yawn-making piece of routine party politicking woke up and set the wires humming to Washington and New York. What exactly the paper in McCarthy's hand was has never been established. Maybe it was his laundry list, but certainly it was not a list of 205 names of State Department employees. The figure of 205 came from a 1946 exercise in loyalty screening which had identified 'damaging information' about 284 State Department bureaucrats out of 3,000. Of these 284, 79 had been discharged. Which left 205, but McCarthy would soon admit that he did not know the names of the 205 or what the 'damaging information' about them was. He had gleaned the figures from a letter written by Secretary of State James Byrnes to a congressman in 1946, and it may have been a copy of this letter that he held in his hand. The actual figure soon became confused anyway, as McCarthy kept plucking different numbers out of the air.

The Senator's face scowled from newstands all over the country on the covers of Time and Newsweek, the term 'McCarthyism' was coined by the Washington Post cartoonist Herblock and the polls showed his approval rating with the public climbing rapidly to fifty per cent. Growing ever more reckless, he hurled untrue accusations and insinuations at distinguished figures including Professor Owen Lattimore and the diplomat Philip Jessup, General Marshall and Dean Acheson, and called President Truman a drunken son-of-a-bitch who ought to be impeached.

Comfortably re-elected for Wisconsin in 1952, McCarthy was given the chairmanship of the hitherto unobtrusive Senate Committee on Government Operations by the Republican leadership. They intended to send him off the main line into a quiet siding, where he could do no harm, but the attempt misfired. He was now empowered to hire staff and conduct investigations, and in 1953 he and his committee embarked on extensive enquiries into Communist influence in the Federal government. They failed to unmask a single Communist, but they blackened many reputations, undermined the morale of the government service and made the United States an object of contempt abroad. President Eisenhower refused to tackle McCarthy and the senator's downfall did not come until he went too far by accusing the Army of sheltering Communist traitors and the entire hearings were shown on television. They attracted a huge audience and millions of Americans saw McCarthy the crude and arrogant bully in action. They did not like what they saw. The Democrats on his committee, now in the public eye, turned against him. The senior counsel for the Army, a shrewd Boston trial lawyer named Joseph Welch, ran rings round McCarthy and showed him up for what he was. The investigation collapsed. The Senate formally censured him for bringing that august body into disrepute and the senator from Wisconsin, shunned by his colleagues and deserted by the media, retreated into drink and self-pity. He was forty-six when he died from complications of alcoholism in May 1957.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Joseph Raymond McCarthy was thirty-eight when he entered the United States Senate in 1946 as a Republican from Wisconsin. The product of a Wisconsin dairy farm and the Jesuits at Marquette University in Milwaukee, he had made a career as a lawyer and judge before joining up in 1942 and serving in the Pacific.

# data[].attributes.body
-Normalization of relations w/ China
-Started new negotiations with Soviet Union
-Preferred a lower profile in foreign affairs
-OES was create by congress when more environmental issues began to rise

# data[].attributes.body
The Berlin Crisis was a Cold War conflict between the Soviet Union and the Germans which later led to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. After the Vienna Summit when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev signed a treaty with Berlin taking control over half of it whereas the U.S. was still in control of the other half. Based on prediction, Germans were constantly passing between the two sides, so a wall was constructed between the two states preventing people from passing sides. This construction, initiated by Khrushchev was not interjected by the Americans since it was considered the "Soviet's taking care of their own property".

# data[].attributes.headline
Coup on Ngo Dinh Diem, 1 November 1963 - Carl

# data[].attributes.subject
Coup on Ngo Dinh Diem, 1 November 1963 - Carl

# data[].attributes.body
Ngo Dinh Diem was the South Vietnamese President that was put in charge by the U.S. government on 26 October 1955. They originally thought that he would be a good representative and lead the way that they wanted. Resentment built up, however, and as he was catholic, the buddhist people of South Vietnam felt as if he was not a good representation of them. The U.S. felt, after this, that he was not suitable anymore and that he would need to be replaced so that they could win the war.

# data[].attributes.body
The Korean War was the first military action of the Cold War. The nation was divided at the 38th parallel even though both sides believed they should unite into a single Korea. However, the Soviet-backed North decided to unite them by force and attacked the pro-western South. As many feared this was the first step to a communist take over plan, the National Security Council recommended that the United States use military force to contain communist expansionism.

# data[].attributes.body
The Marshall Plan was an American initiative to help support the recently destroyed Western Europe and supporting their economy. They gave $13 billion worth to the European economy. Marshall Plan nations were assisted greatly in their economic recovery. From 1948 through 1952 European economies grew. Trade relations led to the formation of the North Atlantic alliance. Economic prosperity led by coal and steel industries helped to shape what we know now as the European Union.

# data[].attributes.body
Brinksmanship was a foreign policy best described as a tactic to push your military to the edge of war and working at high possible stakes. First used by President Eisenhower in 1956, but most commonly known for its use in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

# data[].attributes.body
August 2, 1964 - A US Maddox ship exchanged fire with a North Vietnamese torpedo boat in the Gulf of Tonkin. This event later was considered to be the start up for the Vietnam War.  LBJ later ordered air strikes on Vietnam with American troops landing and to be landed in Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.headline
Beginnings of Containment Policy- 1947 (Romina)

# data[].attributes.subject
Beginnings of Containment Policy- 1947 (Romina)

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of the containment policy was to stop the spread of communism. It was a response to the many attempts from the Soviet Union's part to enlarge their communistic influences.  The term originated from a report by US diplomat's George F. Kennan during the post-WWII administration of President Harry Truman.

# data[].attributes.body
“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” This was said by Kennedy in his inauguration speech, though his foreign policy legacy was not lived up to.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy had inherited a CIA plan made during Eisenhower's administration in order to stop the threat that Castro was becoming. The CIA trained Cuban exiles (in order to keep US intervention to the "minimum" and not be seen by the Soviet Union as an act of war) to raid and conduct air strikes in Cuba. If all had gone to plan it would have led to a revolution against Castro, however, the plan failed and marked Kennedy's administration.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the Cold War, many Americans began developing a paranoia of communism given that the United States and the Soviet Union were the ones involved. The United States was known for reflecting capitalism and democracy, while the Soviet union was known for authoritarianism and communism. Since they were on opposing sides, the American citizens feared the opposition. Both the Vietnam and Korean war were a vital aspect in the American's plan to stop communism from spreading.

# data[].attributes.body
The meeting was held between the two superpower leaders, President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Most of the discussion revolved around the Berlin Crisis, still Kennedy wished to touch on the subject of the neutralization of Laos. Progress came out of the Laos discussion, however, the two leaders opposed greatly on the Berlin topic, specially since Premier Khrushchev was threatening to sing a peace treaty with East Germany which jeopardized the West.

# data[].attributes.body
Soldiers from the United States killed hundreds of innocent Vietnamese civilians. Heavily reduced support for the war in the U.S. and led to criticisms and people questioning why the war was taking place at all. Realization of how horrible the war actually was. Soldiers blamed it on the guerrilla warfare and Vietnamese fighters often being clothed in everyday clothes.

# data[].attributes.headline
Reasons for US involvement in Vietnam War -November 1, 1955 – April 30, 1975 (Romina)

# data[].attributes.subject
Reasons for US involvement in Vietnam War -November 1, 1955 – April 30, 1975 (Romina)

# data[].attributes.body
A war that derived from the main beliefs of the Cold War. The "domino theory" stated that if one nation fell to communism all other nations surrounding would fall as well. After Vietnam split into North (supported by Soviet Union ) and South at the 17th parallel (supported by USA), war broke out once the North attempted to gain control of the South. The USA believed they should intervene in order to prevent communistic take over in the south.

# data[].attributes.body
Turkey and Greece were in difficult financial situations and the U.S. and the Truman administration were afraid of communism spreading. Truman pledged financial aid to those two countries and any other countries that needed money to battle the spreading of communism in the Truman Doctrine. This is often considered one of the main factors that started the Cold War.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cuban Missile Crisis October 22, 1962 - Emily

# data[].attributes.subject
Cuban Missile Crisis October 22, 1962 - Emily

# data[].attributes.body
The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event during the presidency of Kennedy when American U-2 planes discovered Soviet nuclear weapons within Cuba. This later began a 13-day military stand off between the Soviets and Americans, which later resulted in a speech by JFK stating that their course of military action was to form a blockade around the Cuban harbor, intimidating Cuban military. (Also see Brinksmanship)

# data[].attributes.headline
George H. W. Bush's Doctrine 1989 - Emily

# data[].attributes.subject
George H. W. Bush's Doctrine 1989 - Emily

# data[].attributes.body
The Bush Doctrine was considered to be pre-emption. This is the idea that in a world of dangerous organizations and terrorists groups, the United States may need to attack first. Bush emphasizes the importance of continuing to evolve military technology and to advance military defenses in order to protect the US. EXAMPLE OF THIS?