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The Navajo traveled on foot or horse. Because of the region the lived in, the Navajo had tools made of gold, silver, wood, turquoise, and copper, obtained from the mines. Navajo believed that there was a Sun God, Hero Twins, (the sons of the Sun God) and many others.

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Navajo gods and other supernatural powers are many and varied. Most important among them are a group of anthropomorphic deities, and especially Changing Woman or Spider Woman, the consort of the Sun God, and her twin sons, the Monster Slayers. Other supernatural powers include animal, bird, and reptile spirits, and natural phenomena or wind, weather, light and darkness, celestial bodies, and monsters. There is a special class of deities, theYei,who can be summoned by masked dancers to be present when major ceremonies are in progress. Most of the Navajo deities can be either beneficial or harmful to the Earth Surface People, depending on their caprice or on how they are approached. Navajo mythology is enormously rich and poetically expressive. According to basic cosmological belief, all of existence is divided between the Holy People (supernaturals) and the Earth Surface People. The Holy People passed through a succession of underworlds, each of which was destroyed by a flood, until they arrived in the present world. Here they created First Man and First Woman, the ancestors of all the Earth Surface People. The Holy People gave to the Earth Surface People all the practical and ritual knowledge necessary for their survival in this world and then moved away to dwell in other realms above the earth. However, they remain keenly interested in the day-to-day doings of the Earth Surface People, and constant attention to ceremonies and taboos is required in order to keep in harmony with them. The condition ofhozoji,or being in harmony with the supernatural powers, is the single most important ideal sought by the Navajo people.

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Sandpainting - an other unique and symbolic art form originating with the Holy People, was and still is primarily ceremonial purposes. Sandpaintings represent an array of ceremonies and sacred songs.  These ceremonies are held for Navajo individuals and their family members only.

The art of sandpainting in the present day has been transformed into art on board by using sand to design pictures for public consumption.  If Navajo deities are used, specific elements of the deities are eliminate before they are sold to the public.

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Major General James H. Carleton would be assigned to the New Mexico Territory in the fall of 1862, it is then that he would subdue the Navajos of the region and force them on the long walk to Bosque Redondo. Upon being assigned the territory Carleton set boundaries in which the Navajos would not engage in any sort of conflict. They were prohibited from trespassing onto lands, raiding neighboring tribes, and engaging in warfare with both the Spaniards and Americans. A majority of the Navajos were abiding by these requirements but it was a band of Navajo freelancing raiding parties that would break these rules, for which the entire tribe would soon be penalized. He enlisted the neighboring tribes in aiding his campaign to capture as many Navajos as he could. One tribe that proved to be most useful were the Utes. The Utes were very knowledgeable of the lands of the Navajos, and were very familiar with Navajo strongholds as well. Carson would launch his full-scale assault on the Navajo population in January 1864. He would destroy everything in his path, eradicating the way of life of the Navajo people. Hogans were burned to the ground, livestock was killed off, and irrigated fields would be destroyed. Navajos who surrendered were taken to Fort Canby and those who resisted were killed. Navajos would be able to escape Carson's campaign but were soon forced to surrender due to starvation and the freezing temperature of the winter months.The "Long Walk" started in the beginning of spring in 1864. Bands of Navajo led by the Army were relocated from their traditional lands in eastern Arizona Territory and western New Mexico Territory to Fort Sumner (in an area called the Bosque Redondo or Hwéeldi by the Navajo) in the Pecos River valley. (Bosque Redondo is Spanish for "round forest"—in New Mexican Spanish a bosque means a river-bottom forest usually containing cottonwood trees.) The march was one that was very difficult and pushed many Navajos to their breaking point, including death. The distance itself was cruel, but the fact that they did not receive any aid from the soldiers were devastating. Not every single person was in prime condition to trek 300 miles, many began the walk exhausted and malnourished, others were not properly clothed and were not in the least prepared for such a long journey. Neither sympathy nor remorse were given to the Navajos. They were never informed as to where they were going, why they were being relocated, and how long it would take to get there. At least 200 died during the 18-day, 300-mile (500-km) trek. Between 8,000 and 9,000 people were settled on an area of 40 square miles (104 km²), with a peak population of 9,022 by the spring of 1865.There were actually as many as 50 groups, taking one of seven known routes. They each took a different path but were on the same trail and when returning to the Navajo lands they reformed their group to become one, this group was ten miles (16 km) long. Some of these Navajos escaped and hid out with Apaches that were running from Gen. Crook on what is known as Cimmaron Mesa southeast of present-day NM Highway 6 and I-40 ; later they relocated to Alamo Springs northwest of Magdalena,NM and are known as the Alamo Band of the Diné (Navajos). Nelson Anthony Field who had a trading post made a trip to DC to lobby for a reservation for this Band and it was granted. This Band is part Navajo and part Apache.

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For the Navajo Indians of North America, Tsohanoai is the Sun god. Everyday, he crosses the sky, carrying the Sun on his back. At night, the Sun rests by hanging on a peg in his house.

Tsohanoai's two children Nayenezgani (Killer of Enemies) and Tobadzistsini (Child of Water) were separated from their father and lived with their mother in the far West. Once they were older, they tried to find their father, hoping he could help them fight the evil spirits tormenting mankind. They met Spider Woman, who gave them two feathers to keep them safe on their journey. Finally, they found Tsohanoai's house, and he gave them magic arrows to fight off the evil monsters, Anaye.

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Watch this Video to learn more about Navajo geography :)

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The Navajo traditionally farmed squash, corn and beans and hunted animals such as deer and prairie dogs. Corn is a staple Navajo food and is eaten fresh, ground or dried. Other popular corn- and wheat-based foods include frybread, hominy, blue bread, roast corn and wheat sprouts.

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Navajo Ways!!

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San Juan School District Heritage Language Resource Center

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Traditional Navajo Dress - Monument Valley

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Monument Valley is the Navajo homeland and part of the Navajo Nation. Here is a video showing a variety of Navajo traditional dress. For Monument Valley tours and lodging information, visit www.gouldings.com. Goulding's Lodge and Trading Post is an ideal central location to explore Monument Valley with comfortable amenities and knowledgable Navajo guides.

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The Navajo live in a very desolate climate. It is generally hot down South, and cold up North. They had wood and dirt to build with though, therefore they built hogans. Wood houses with dirt roofs.

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The clothing that they wore was usually made out of animal hide/skin.

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Oil, coal, and natural gas are Colorado's chief mined products. Other mined products include sand and gravel, gold, and molybdenum and, to a lesser degree, copper, lead, silver, and zinc, granite and limestone.

Rich in natural resources, Utah has long been a leading producer of copper, gold,silver, lead, zinc, potassium salts, and molybdenum. Oil and natural gas have also become major products.

Minerals are the state's richest natural resource, and New Mexico is one of the U.S. leaders in output of uranium and potassium salts. Petroleum, natural gas, copper, gold, silver, zinc, lead, and molybdenum also contribute heavily to the state's income.

Natural Resources: Primary natural resources are its warm climate and mineral deposits. Copper is, by far, the most important mineral. Other mined products include coal, gold, petroleum, pumice, silver, stone and uranium. Water is scarce.

basically gold, silver, copper, oil, natural gas, turquoise.

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Early on, when Navajo people lived in the northern part of North America (modern Canada), they lived in small houses they called "hogans". You built a hogan by propping a few poles together and covering the surface with branches, leaves, and mud.

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Silversmithing is an important art form among Navajos. Atsidi Sani (c. 1830–c. 1918) is considered to be the first Navajo silversmith. He learned silversmithing from a Mexican man called Nakai Tsosi ("Thin Mexican") around 1878 and began teaching other Navajos how to work with silver. By 1880, Navajo silversmiths were creating handmade jewelry including bracelets, tobacco flasks, necklaces and bracers. Later, they added silver earrings, buckles, bolos, hair ornaments, pins and squash blossom necklaces for tribal use, and to sell to tourists as a way to supplement their income.The Navajos' hallmark jewelry piece called the "squash blossom" necklace first appeared in the 1880s. The term "squash blossom" was apparently attached to the name of the Navajo necklace at an early date, although its bud-shaped beads are thought to derive from Spanish-Mexican pomegranate designs. The Navajo silversmiths also borrowed the "naja" (najahe in Navajo symbol to shape the silver pendant that hangs from the "squash blossom" necklace.Turquoise has been part of jewelry for centuries, but Navajo artists did not use inlay techniques to insert turquoise into silver designs until the late 19th century

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A member of a large tribe of American Indians of Athapascan stock living in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The Navaho are noted for their skill in making turquoise and silver jewelry and in weaving blankets and rugs with bright patterns, usually of black, red, and white color.

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Navajos came to the southwest with their own weaving traditions; however, they learned to weave cotton on upright looms from Pueblo peoples. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing Navajo blankets. By the 18th century the Navajos had begun to import Bayeta red yarn to supplement local black, grey, and white wool, as well as wool dyed with indigo. Using an upright loom, the Navajos made extremely fine utilitarian blankets that were collected by Ute and Plains Indians. These Chief's Blankets, so called because only chiefs or very wealthy individuals could afford them, were characterized by horizontal stripes and minimal patterning in red. First Phase Chief's Blankets have only horizontal stripes, Second Phase feature red rectangular designs, and Third Phase feature red diamonds and partial diamond patterns.

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When the fierce Apache and Navajo tribes arrived in the 1400s, they attacked the peaceful Pueblo, raiding their villages. The three groups fought for many years. The Navajo live mostly in the northwest where the Navajo Nation reservation stretches across New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona, making it the largest reservation in the country. The Navajo Nation is known for having very cold winters and very hot summers, with an annual average temperature of about 40ºF to 55ºF. Climatic patterns vary from south to north across the Colorado Plateau.