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1.the first newspaper in 1816 jurnal al iraq published in arabic and turkish ? why two languages? 

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1.the first newspaper in 1816 jurnal al iraq published in arabic and turkish ? why two languages? 

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the ruler of iraq was dawood basha was turkish under the othman empire

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2Why do Egypt and Lebanon have high circulation of newspapers?

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2Why do Egypt and Lebanon have high circulation of newspapers?

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population.
close ties with politics.

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3: Where did Gulf State recruit their talent from in the early days of the press? Why?

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3: Where did Gulf State recruit their talent from in the early days of the press? Why?

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From other Arab Countries, such as Egypt.
Because they have the talent and the experience, they started in the media field before the Gulf countries.

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4- Why were sales of newspaper limited in the Arab World?

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4- Why were sales of newspaper limited in the Arab World?

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- Advertising in the media not developed very extensively despite gains in wealth.
-Business people did not see media as a lucrative investment.

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5. What was the original intent of the government in the Arab World when they published newspapers? 

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5. What was the original intent of the government in the Arab World when they published newspapers? 

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To put across the information from the government's point of view and perspective

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6.what was always a significant part of the content of the arab press in addition to information ? 

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6.what was always a significant part of the content of the arab press in addition to information ? 

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- significant differences among arab countries in the use and structure of print media, reflecting underlying differences in wealth ,population, literacy, political systems, and culture conditions.

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7. What causes fragmentation of the Arab print media? 

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7. What causes fragmentation of the Arab print media? 

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- Some newspapers face barriers to distribute.
-Many papers have small, specialised audiences.

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8. Which is the most restrictive type of press?

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8. Which is the most restrictive type of press?

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The restrictive type is the mobilisation press which is practiced under the strickest governmental systems and this type is practised in syria under assay's control.

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9. In which countries do you find most ( loyalist ) press? Where is diversity evident in this type of press? 

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9. In which countries do you find most ( loyalist ) press? Where is diversity evident in this type of press? 

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KSA, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman & UAE
- Little diversity of opinion

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10. What kind of political systems do you have in countries with diverse press?

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10. What kind of political systems do you have in countries with diverse press?

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Answer: Social Responsibility
media can be owned by privet owner but still needs to be under the government supervising, so it's Private unless government has to take over to ensure public service. the main purpose is inform, entertain.

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11. what is the significant feature of ( transitional ) media? 

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11. what is the significant feature of ( transitional ) media? 

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1. Some freedom of expression exists
2. Laws allow the government authorities to take action against journalists and editors.
3. the society undergoing change

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13. Some arab countries have a wide range of English and French media. Why?

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13. Some arab countries have a wide range of English and French media. Why?

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Because in 1970s Lebanese civil war forced lebanese publisher/Journalists to set up "offshore" operations in London, Paris and Rome.

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14.What is the biggest difference between the press in Europe and the Arab World 

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14.What is the biggest difference between the press in Europe and the Arab World 

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Europe ( concerned with foreign news , not long , it made government and political leaders more visible  to the public )
The Arab World ( Owned by government , purpose is to to prevent misunderstanding and forestall criticism from masses )