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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Drinking too much alcohol can harm your health. Learn the facts. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Facts about moderate drinking. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/moderate-drinking.htm

Cornell University. (n.d.). Alcohol & Other Drug Campaigns. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://health.cornell.edu/initiatives/campaigns-materials/alcohol-other-drug-campaigns

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Alcohol Facts and Statistics. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Apparent per capita alcohol consumption: national, state, and regional trends, 1977-2018. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance115/CONS18.htm

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). National Drug & Alcohol IQ Challenge. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/national-drug-alcohol-iq-challenge

Osmosis. (2017). Alcoholism- causes, symptoms, treatment, pathology [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/e5DxD6Tuxxw

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26.45% of people ages 18 or older reported that they engaged in binge drinking in the past month.

6.6% reported that they engaged in heavy alcohol use in the past month.

Excessive alcohol use led to approximately 88,000 deaths and 2.5 million years of potential life lost each year in the United States shortening the lives of those who died by an average of 30 years.

Excessive drinking was responsible for 1 in 10 deaths among working-age adults aged 20-64 years.

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How much do you really know about alcohol abuse? 

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How much do you really know about alcohol abuse? 

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National Drug & Alcohol IQ Challenge | National Institute on Drug Abuse

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Encourages people to test their knowledge about drug use and addiction by asking them to take a 13-question quiz. Accompanying answers shed light on the science of drug use.

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Television commercials

Online ads

Social media

Posters (ie: AAA posters in stores)

Rationale for use:
Use of commercials, ads, social media, & posters allows for information to reach a variety of individuals

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Our Goals

Our alcohol and other drug campaigns assist our campus community in three distinct ways:

to provide harm-reduction information for students who choose to drink alcohol or use other drugs (including nicotine /tobacco products)

to share current normative data about drinking and other drug use at Cornell.

to communicate signs of alcohol and other drug emergencies and the importance of calling 911 for help.

E-Cig/Juuls

Print the "Rain on Your Parade" poster (CU NetID required)

Print the "Risks Are No Joke" poster (CU NetID required)

Print the "Advertisers Tell a Good Story" poster (CU NetID required)

Print the "Popcorn" poster (CU NetID required)

Alcohol

Social norms poster

Print the "Buzzed Not Blackout" poster (CU NetID required)

ABCD signs of an alcohol emergency

Print the "Alcohol Emergencies" poster (CU NetID required)

Print the "Do the Right Thing" poster (CU NetID required)

What's in your drink?

Print the "Big Red Cup" poster (CU NetID required)

Alcohol bulletin board

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Our alcohol and other drug campaigns assist our campus community in three distinct ways: to provide harm-reduction information for students who choose to drink alcohol or use other drugs (including nicotine /tobacco products) to share current normative data about drinking and other drug use at Cornell.

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Surveillance reports assess alcohol consumption in the United States
Rationale for Selection:
Provides current data on alcohol consumption on a national, state, & regional level

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research
Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System

SURVEILLANCE REPORT #115

Megan E. Slater, Ph.D.
Hillel R. Alpert, Sc.D.

CSR, Incorporated ¹
Suite 904A
901 N. Stuart Street
Arlington, VA 22203

April 2020

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

¹ CSR, Incorporated, operates the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System (AEDS) under Contract No. HHSN275201800004C for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Dr. Michael E. Hilton (Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research) serves as the NIAAA Contracting Officer's Representative on the contract.

HIGHLIGHTS

This surveillance report on 1977–2018 apparent per capita alcohol consumption in the United States is the 34th in a series of consumption reports produced annually by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Findings are based on alcoholic beverage sales data collected by the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System (AEDS) from the States or from the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association and from various reports produced by beverage industry sources. Population data from the U.S. Census Bureau are used as denominators to calculate per capita rates.

The following are highlights from the current report, which updates consumption trends through 2018:

Per capita consumption of ethanol from all alcoholic beverages combined in 2018 was 2.35 gallons, representing no change from 2017.

Between 2017 and 2018, changes in overall per capita ethanol consumption included increases in 15 States, decreases in 28 States and the District of Columbia, and no changes in 7 States.

Analysis of overall per capita alcohol consumption by U.S. Census region between 2017 and 2018 indicated an increase of 3.7 percent in the West. The analysis also showed decreases of 0.4 percent in the Northeast, 0.4 percent in the Midwest, and 1.3 percent in the South.

Healthy People 2020 set the national objective for per capita annual alcohol consumption at no more than 2.1 gallons. Per capita consumption would need to decrease by 5.5 percent each year for the next 2 years to achieve this goal. In 2018, the overall per capita annual alcohol consumption level was more than 10 percent above target (> 2.31 gallons) in 28 States and the District of Columbia, 10 percent or less above target (> 2.10-2.31 gallons) in 12 States, up to 10 percent below target (1.89-2.10 gallons) in 6 States, and more than 10 percent below target (< 1.89 gallons) in 4 States.

INTRODUCTION

This surveillance report on apparent per capita alcohol consumption in the United States is the 34th in a series of reports that examine alcohol consumption trends on a national, State, and regional basis. Like previous reports on per capita alcohol consumption, it is intended to provide updated alcohol information for policymakers, health care providers, researchers, and others concerned about alcohol issues.

Data presented in this report are related to one of the national objectives set in Healthy People 2020 for alcohol consumption. Healthy People, a program initiated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, establishes benchmarks to promote longer and higher-quality lives for Americans. The program's objective for alcohol consumption is to reduce the national per capita annual alcohol consumption level by 10 percent from the 2007 baseline value of 2.3 gallons per year to no more than 2.1 gallons per year by 2020 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012). According to NIAAA (2010), a "standard drink" in the United States contains 0.6 fluid ounces of ethanol. Thus, the target annual per capita consumption level of 2.1 gallons of ethanol equates to a person age 14 or older consuming approximately an average of 448 standard drinks in a year.

The current report updates the 1977-2017 alcohol consumption trends (Slater and Alpert 2019) with new data for 2018. Data are shown in four tables. Table 1 presents national data on trends in beer, wine, and spirits consumption as well as on all alcoholic beverages combined. Table 2 presents data on alcohol consumption for individual States for 2018. States also are ranked in deciles according to annual per capita ethanol consumption. Table 3 presents the alcoholic beverage sales and shipment data sources for the volume data presented in Table 2. Table 4 presents data on consumption trends for each type of beverage and all beverages combined for the States as well as for the four regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West.

DATA
Alcohol Consumption Data
AEDS makes every effort to obtain alcoholic beverage sales data from all States and the District of Columbia. AEDS prefers sales data to production and shipments data from beverage industry sources because sales data more accurately reflect actual alcoholic beverage consumption levels. States provide sales data in the form of volume or tax revenue that AEDS converts to gallons by using State tax rates. For 2018, AEDS received beverage sales and/or tax receipts reports from 36 States.AEDS also received spirits and wine sales data for alcoholic beverage control States from the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association. When State data were unavailable or unusable, AEDS used shipment data from beverage industry sources (Beverage Information Group 2019 a, b, c) as a supplementary data source (Table 3). National and regional consumption data were estimated based on the sum of corresponding State-level volumes in gallons. The mixed use of data from sales and shipments sources appears to have little effect on overall trends in per capita alcohol consumption (Campbell et al. 1994; Haughwout et al. 2015). Some of the consumption estimates reported in the current report may differ slightly from those published in the previous year due to updates and revisions based on data received after publication. The types of data sources AEDS used to obtain alcohol consumption data are listed for years 2001-2018 in this report's data file ( http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm).
Population Data
AEDS obtained State population estimates for people ages 14 and older from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's WONDER online query system, which provides bridged-race population estimates produced by the U.S. Census Bureau in collaboration with the National Center for Health Statistics (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2019). These data are used as denominators to calculate the per capita consumption figures.

To make the trend data more precise, AEDS revises data published in previous reports when the Census Bureau revises its population estimates. This report updates the 2010-2017 population estimates using revised bridged-race estimates of the July 1 resident population from the Vintage 2018 postcensal series (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2019).

METHODS
Conversion of Ethanol Content
AEDS uses an estimate of average ethanol content in the alcoholic beverages to convert the gallons of sold or shipped beer, wine, and spirits into gallons of ethanol (pure alcohol) before calculating per capita consumption estimates. For data years 1977-2018, the alcohol by volume (ABV; i.e., proportion of ethanol for each beverage type) values are 0.045 for beer, 0.129 for wine, and 0.411 for spirits (Doernberg and Stinson 1985). Following the ethanol conversions, gallons of ethanol for beer, wine, and spirits are summed to gallons of ethanol for all beverages.

AEDS has considered changes in the alcoholic beverage market over time that may affect the fixed ABV estimates used in this report (Martinez et al. 2019). Although changes in the average net ethanol content across all beverages are minimal (i.e., correlations between per capita consumption estimates derived from fixed and time-varying ABVs are >0.98 and >0.93 for national overall and beverage-specific estimates, respectively) and not large enough to alter the trends in overall per capita consumption (i.e., parallel trend lines since 1995 based on Joinpoint analysis), AEDS provides time-varying ABVs and corresponding gallons of ethanol in this report's data file for comparison purposes ( http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm).

The Alcohol Research Group provides AEDS with time-varying ABVs annually and derives the estimates for each beverage type based on three data components: (1) market shares for subcategories within the beverage type (e.g., table wine and wine coolers within wine); (2) market shares for leading brands in each subcategory; and (3) ethanol contents of these leading brands. These calculations follow the methodology developed by Kerr et al. (2006 a, b) and most recently reported by Martinez et al. (2019).
Population Denominator
In this report, AEDS uses the population of people ages 14 and older to calculate per capita consumption rates. Although age 14 is below the minimum legal age for purchasing alcoholic beverages throughout the United States, most self-report surveys indicate that many people drink alcoholic beverages at age 14. For example, data from the NIAAA 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicate that 9.56 percent of current drinkers ages 18 and older in the United States began drinking at age 14 or younger (Chen et al. 2016). Results from the Monitoring the Future survey in 2016 (Johnston et al. 2017) indicate that 17.6 percent of eighth graders (students ages 13 to 14) reported past-year use of alcohol (i.e., beyond a few sips). Also, using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2013-2015, Chen and colleagues (2017) found the median age of initiation of alcohol use among people ages 12 to 20 to be age 14.6. Nonetheless, per capita consumption estimates for population ages 21 years and older are provided in this report's data file ( http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm).
Estimation of Per Capita Ethanol Consumption
Per capita ethanol consumption rates for each beverage type are calculated by multiplying national, State, or regional beverage volume by the corresponding ABV and dividing by the national, State, or regional population ages 14 and older. Per capita ethanol consumption of all beverages is calculated directly from the estimated gallons of ethanol for all beverages divided by the population.

Percentage change calculations in this report are based on the numbers presented in the tables, which are rounded to two decimal places.

Per capita ethanol consumption rates based on the alternative time-varying ABVs can be derived from this report's data file ( http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm) by dividing gallons of ethanol consumed by the corresponding population of interest (i.e., ages 14 and older or ages 21 and older). For example, per capita consumption of ethanol from all alcoholic beverages combined in 2018 was 2.33 gallons (among ages 14 and older) using the time-varying ABVs.
Limitations
Readers familiar with survey reports and other scientific literature are accustomed to the presentation of significance tests, or confidence intervals, on any data comparisons or trends. However, because data presented in this report are based on total actual sales and/or shipments, AEDS does not provide measures of statistical significance. Nonetheless, it is important to note that these data are still only estimates and may be subject to reporting error and random fluctuation over time.

In addition to ABVs, many factors may result in inaccuracies of per capita alcohol consumption estimates. For instance, these estimates in some States may be inflated by such factors as cross-border sales to buyers from neighboring States (e.g., in New Hampshire) or tourist consumption of alcohol (e.g., in Nevada and Washington, D.C.). Other factors include variation in State reporting practices for sales of alcoholic beverages; time delay between State taxation records and actual consumption; exclusion of alcohol contained in medications and foods; unrecorded legal home production; and illicit production, importation, and sales (Rehm et al. 2014). These factors are discussed in detail in the AEDS data reference manual on per capita alcohol consumption (Nephew et al. 2004). Note that the word apparent in this report's title is pertinent, because the estimates in this report are based on the reported volumes of alcoholic beverages released to the market for sale and not on actual measures of people's alcohol consumption.

REFERENCES

Beverage Information Group. Beer Handbook, 2019. Norwalk, CT: Beverage Information Group, 2019 a.

Beverage Information Group. Liquor Handbook, 2019. Norwalk, CT: Beverage Information Group, 2019 b.

Beverage Information Group. Wine Handbook, 2019. Norwalk, CT: Beverage Information Group, 2019 c.

Campbell, K.E.; Clem, D.; and Williams, G.D. Technical Report: 1986-91 Per Capita Ethanol Consumption Trends Using Beverage Industry Shipments Data Compared to Combined Sales/Tax Receipt and Shipments Data. Washington, DC: NIAAA, 1994.

Chen, C.M.; Slater, M.E.; Castle, I-J.P.; and Grant, B.F. Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders in the United States: Main Findings from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). NIH Publication No. 16-AA-8020. U.S. Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual, Vol. 10. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA, 2016.

Chen, C.M.; Yi, H.; and Faden, V.B. Surveillance Report #107: Trends in Underage Drinking in the United States, 1991-2015. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA, 2017.

Doernberg, D., and Stinson, F.S. U.S. Apparent Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages Based on State Sales, Taxation, or Receipt Data (U.S. Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual, Vol. 1). Washington, DC: U.S Government Printing Office, September 1985.

Haughwout, S.P.; Castle, I-J.P.; and LaVallee, R.A. Comparison of State Alcoholic Beverage Sales Data with Industry Shipment Data, 2001-2013: Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption Surveillance Report Methodological Addendum. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA, 2015. Available at: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance102/m_addendum.pdf.

Hyman, M.; Zimmerman, M.; Gurioli, C.; and Helrich, A. Drinkers, Drinking and Alcohol-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations: A Statistical Compendium, 1980 ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, 1980.

Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; Miech, R.A.; Bachman, J.G.; and Schulenberg, J.E. Monitoring the Future, National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2016. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017.

Kerr, W.C.; Greenfield, T.K.; Tujague, J.; and Brown, S.E. The alcohol content of wine consumed in the US and per capita consumption: New estimates reveal different trends. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30(3):516-522, 2006 a.

Kerr, W.C.; Greenfield, T.K.; and Tujague, J. Estimates of the mean alcohol concentration of the spirits, wine, and beer sold in the United States and per capita consumption: 1950 to 2002. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30(9):1583-1591, 2006 b.

Martinez, P.; Kerr, W.C.; Subbaraman, M.S.; and Roberts, S.C.M. New estimates of the mean alcohol content of beer, wine, and spirits sold in the United States show a greater increase in per capita alcohol consumption than previous estimates. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2019 (Epub ahead of print doi: 10.1111/acer.13958).

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Rethinking Drinking: Alcohol and Your Health. NIH Publication No. 13-3770. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2010.

Nephew, T.M.; Yi, H.; Williams, G.D.; Stinson, F.S.; and Dufour, M.C. U.S. Apparent Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages Based on State Sales, Taxation, or Receipt Data (U.S. Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual, Vol. 1, 4th ed.). NIH Publication No. 04-5563. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA, 2004.

Rehm, J.; Kailasapillai, S.; Larsen, E.; Rehm. M.X; Samokhvalov, A.V.; Shield, K.D.; Roerecke, M.; and Lachenmeier, D.W. A systematic review of the epidemiology of unrecorded alcohol consumption and the chemical composition of unrecorded alcohol. Addiction 109:880-893, 2014.

Slater, M.E., and Alpert, H.R. Surveillance Report #113: Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2017. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA, 2019.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC: DHHS, 2012. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=40.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Bridged-Race Population Estimates, United States July 1st Resident Population by State, County, Age, Sex, Bridged-Race, and Hispanic Origin. Compiled from 1990-1999 bridged-race intercensal population estimates (released by NCHS on 7/26/2004); revised bridged-race 2000–2009 intercensal population estimates (released by NCHS on 10/26/2012); and bridged-race Vintage 2018 (2010-2018) postcensal population estimates (released by NCHS on 6/25/2019). Available on CDC WONDER Online Database at: https://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-race-v2018.html

List of Figures

Figure 1. Total per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1935-2018.

Figure 2. Per capita ethanol consumption by beverage type, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 3. Percentage change in per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 4. Total per capita consumption of gallons of ethanol by State, United States, 2018.

Figure 5. Percentage change in total per capita ethanol consumption by State, United States, 2017-2018.

Figure 6. Total per capita ethanol consumption by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 7. Per capita ethanol consumption from beer by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 8. Per capita ethanol consumption from wine by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 9. Per capita ethanol consumption from spirits by region, United States, 1977-2018.

List of Tables

Table 1. Apparent per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1850-2018.

Table 2. Apparent alcohol consumption for States, census regions, and the United States, 2018.

Table 3. Sources of alcoholic beverage sales and shipment data by State and beverage type, 2018.

Table 4. Per capita ethanol consumption for States, census regions, and the United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 1. Total per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1935-2018.

Figure 2. Per capita ethanol consumption by beverage type, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 3. Percentage change in per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 4. Total per capita consumption of gallons of ethanol by State, United States, 2018.

Figure 5. Percentage change in total per capita ethanol consumption by State, United States, 2017-2018.

Figure 6. Total per capita ethanol consumption by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 7. Per capita ethanol consumption from beer by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 8. Per capita ethanol consumption from wine by region, United States, 1977-2018.

Figure 9. Per capita ethanol consumption from spirits by region, United States, 1977-2018.
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alcohol alerts; alcohol research health; newsletters; pamphlets; brochures; professional education; research monographs; reports; publicaciones en espaã±ol; delivery treatment prevention services; tenth report congress; epidemiologic data directory; data reference manuals; surveillance; pamphlets

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brochures; agepage aging; alcoholism: getting facts; family history; drinking your pregnancy; harmful interactions mixing alcohol medicine; health sciences education curricula; disparities materials; cut down; what you don't know can harm you; affect child; kids alcohol free; talk child about alcohol; science education; parents help teens party right graduation; underage drinking prevention; intimate relationships; combine; helping patients who drink too much; clinicians guide; pocket guide; economic costs; physician training; match; assessing problems guide; sentencing dui offenders; thesaurus; residence program new york; improving treatment practice north carolina; social work curriculum; state of science moderate drinking; nasadad issue brief one; un tema de salud de la mujer ; hable con sus hijos sobre el uso del alcohol ; antecedentes de alcoholismo en la familia; la bebida y su embarazo; mantengamos a los niã±o libres de alcohol; mezclando bebidas alcohã³licas con medicamentos

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Publications | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism | Surveillance Report #115

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System Megan E. Slater, Ph.D. Hillel R. Alpert, Sc.D. CSR, Incorporated 1 Suite 904A 901 N. Stuart Street Arlington, VA 22203 April 2020 U.S.

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The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends several evidence-based community strategies to reduce harmful alcohol use

1. Regulation of Alcohol Outlet Density

2. Increasing Alcohol Taxes

3. Dram Shop Liability

4. Maintaining Limits on Days & Hours of Sale

5. Electronic Screening & Brief Intervention

6. Enhanced Enforcement of Laws Prohibiting Sales to Minors

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Excessive alcohol use is responsible for more than 140,000 deaths in the United States each year ¹ and $249 billion in economic costs in 2010. ² Excessive alcohol use includes

Binge drinking (defined as consuming 4 or more alcoholic beverages per occasion for women or 5 or more drinks per occasion for men).

Heavy drinking (defined as consuming 8 or more alcoholic beverages per week for women or 15 or more alcoholic beverages per week for men).

Any drinking by pregnant women or those younger than age 21.

The strategies listed below can help communities create social and physical environments that discourage excessive alcohol consumption thereby, reducing alcohol-related fatalities, costs, and other harms.

The Community Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations

The Community Preventive Services Task Force, an independent, nonfederal, volunteer body of public health and prevention experts, recommends several evidence-based community strategies to reduce harmful alcohol use. Learn more about the Community Guide's findings.

Recommendations

Electronic Screening and Brief Intervention (e-SBI)External
e-SBI uses electronic devices (e.g., computers, telephones, or mobile devices) to facilitate delivery of key elements of traditional screening and brief interventions. At a minimum, e-SBI involves screening individuals for excessive drinking, and delivering a brief intervention, which provides personalized feedback about the risks and consequences of excessive drinking.⁸

Recommended against

US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of non-Federal experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine and comprises primary care providers. The USPSTF conducts scientific evidence reviews of a broad range of clinical preventive health care services and develops recommendations for primary care clinicians and health systems.

How Can I Contribute to the Prevention of Excessive Alcohol Use?

Everyone can contribute to the prevention of excessive alcohol use.

You can

Choose not to drink too much yourself and help others not do it.

Check your drinking, and learn more about the benefits of drinking less alcohol.

If you choose to drink alcohol, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that adults of legal drinking age can choose not to drink, or to drink in moderation by limiting intake to 2 drinks or less in a day for men or 1 drink or less in a day for women, on days when alcohol is consumed.¹²

Support effective community strategies to prevent excessive alcohol use, such as those recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task ForceExternal .

Not serve or provide alcohol to those who should not be drinking, including people under the age of 21 or those who have already drank too much.

Talk with your healthcare provider about your drinking behavior and request counseling if you drink too much.

States and communities can:

Implement effective prevention strategies for excessive alcohol use, such as those recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task ForceExternal .

Enforce existing laws and regulations about alcohol sales and service.

Develop community coalitions that build partnerships between schools, faith-based organizations, law enforcement, health care, and public health agencies to reduce excessive alcohol use.

Routinely monitor and report the prevalence, frequency, and intensity of binge drinking (whether or not adults binge drink, how often they do so, and how many drinks they have if they do).

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Learn how you can prevent excessive alcohol use in your community and personal life.

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Consumption reports produced annually by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA)
Rationale for choice:
The annual reports provide up-to-date data and allows comparison of alcohol abuse as time goes on. The NIAA also did a report on alcohol sales during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Accessing outcome data:
Using this link-  https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm
Evaluating outcome data:
Comparison of alcohol consumption in all the states in the US allows for identification of where interventions are required.

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Alcoholism - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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1.  Screening at healthcare facilities and schools

2.  Limiting days & hours of alcohol sale

How reduces risks:
The risk of death or harm from alcohol abuse is reduced with screening for high risk individuals and limiting the time that the community can access alcohol

How improves outcomes/healthy lifestyle:
Outcomes are improved with increased screening to identify problems/abuse. Limiting days & hours of alcohol sales allows a limited time to buy/access alcohol thus decreasing consumption
How enhances accessibility of care:
Increased screening allows individuals to identify problems/abuse and seek help immediately