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Research has shown that phonemic awareness is the single strongest indicator of a child's success at learning to read. But, how do you teach it? I'm showing you step by step!

One of the first steps in learning to read is developing a strong awareness of phonemes in language - phonemic awareness. Interestingly, many dyslexics struggle with this, making weak phonemic awareness one of the classic signs of dyslexia in young children. Teaching phonemic awareness skills to our young kids, dyslexic or not, will give them a head start and a strong foundation as they learn to read.

What is Phonemic Awareness

Phonemes are the individual units of sound that make up words. For example, the word "sat" is made up of three phonemes: /s/ /a/ /t/. Phonemic awareness is not only the recognition that words are made up of small sound units, it is also the ability to break down, manipulate and blend phonemes. For example, being able to remove the /s/ and replace it with /m/ to make the word "mat". Young readers need to be able to apply his or her understanding of phonemes in order to begin to read.

Importance of Phonemic Awareness

Research has shown that phonemic awareness is the single strongest indicator for a child's success at learning to read. Strong phonemic awareness, when used to segment and blend words helps children increase their abilities to decode and understand what they are reading.

Phonemic awareness allows young readers to build another important element of reading: phonics. Phonics (the relationship between letters and sounds) builds upon phonemic awareness. When a child understands and can manipulate sounds verbally, they are ready to transfer this knowledge to printed words.

Assessing Phonemic Awareness

You can determine the level of phonemic awareness you child has by:
1) having your child create a list of rhyming words beginning with a "starter" word,
2) asking your child to segment a word into its beginning, middle and end sounds
3) having your child count the number of syllables in a word

If your child can perform these three tasks confidently, they are ready for phonics instruction. If your child struggles with any of these tasks, some simple instruction in phonemic awareness will be helpful.
See this post at Reading Rockets for an Informal Phonemic Awareness Assessment.

Tips for Teaching Phonemic Awareness

Make these teaching times like a game. Maintain a playful attitude.

Do a little bit each day. You will be surprised at how much can be mastered in 10 minutes a day.

Stop when your child is getting frustrated and try to end on a positive note.

If your child has signs of dyslexia, mastering phonemic awareness may take quite a lot of practice.

Taking a year to practice is not out of the ordinary.

Repeat sounds and words as many times as your child needs to hear them.

Look for creative ways to play with sounds throughout the day.

How to Teach Phonemic Awareness

Rhymes

One of the easiest ways to teach early phonemic awareness is to work with rhyming words. All of these exercises can be played as a game to make learning fun. Stop when your child shows signs of distress and pick it up again another day. You would be amazed at how much can be accomplished in a few minutes every day.

There are three stages of difficulty in working with rhyme:
Hearing Rhyme
Reading books with rhyming language. For example, "Jack and Jill went up the hill." Point out 'Jill' and 'hill'. "We have fun in the sun." Point out 'fun' and 'sun'.
Differentiating Rhyme
Say three words where one word does not rhyme. For example: mat, sat, car. Mat and sat end the same way: at. But car doesn't end the same, so it doesn't belong.
Producing Rhyme
Simply say a word such as: sit. Ask your child to tell you a word that rhymes. You can also make up short sentences such as, "I have a cat who is very ____." Ask you child to finish the sentence with a word that rhymes.

Isolating and Categorizing Sounds

As your child becomes more familiar with sounds, they can begin to identify individual sounds in words. The first step is to be able to recognize beginning sounds, then ending sounds and the middle sounds. After they learn to isolate sounds, they can move on to naming words that begin or end with a specific sound.

The following examples use beginning sounds, but can also be used with ending sounds and when ready, middle sounds, which are a little more tricky.
Recognizing Sounds
Say three words that begin with the same sound, such as: m-m-man, m-m-mouse, m-m-moon Ask your child to tell you what sound the words begin with.
Differentiating Sounds
Say three words where two words begin with the same sound and one word begins with a different sound, such as: r-r-rat, r-r-rain, m-m-man. Ask your child to tell you the word that does not begin the same. If they struggle repeat the words, stressing the initial sound.
Generating Sounds
Say a sound and ask your child to say a word that begins with this sound. A fun game to play to practice this skill is I Spy. "I spy something that begins with the sound /f/." Your child looks around to find something that begins with /f/ like fan, fridge, or friend.

Blending and Segmenting Syllables and Sounds

Once your child has a good grasp of isolating individual sounds, he or she can move on to blending and segmenting sounds in a word.

Segmenting is breaking words into their syllables and words into their individual sounds. Segmenting can also be practiced with separating a sentence into its individual words.

Blending is the opposite of segmenting. Rather than separating a word into its individual sounds, it involves combining individual sounds to say a whole word.

Confused? Read through the exercises below for directions on how to teach these phonemic awareness skills
Blending Syllables
Say the individual sounds of a word, such as: croc/o/dile. Pause briefly between each syllable. Ask your child what the word is.
Blending Beginning Sound and Ending Sound
Say two parts of a word, such as: /d/ /uck/. Ask your child to say the whole word.
Blending Phonemes
Separate a word into all of its individual phonemes, such as /r/ /a/ /n/. Ask your child to say it fast and say the whole word. Remember, make a game out of it. Have fun. Occasionally ask your child to ask you a blending question and you try to answer.

Segmenting Words in a Sentence

Say a short sentence. Ask your child to say the sentence and clap for each word he or she hears. For example, "I see a black cat." Your child should clap 5 times. Try modeling what you want your child to do first so they understand clearly what they are being asked to do.
Segmenting Syllables
Model clapping out the syllables in a word. For example, ap/ple. Pause briefly between syllables. Then have your child clap the same word with you. Move on to saying words and asking your child to clap the syllables on his or her own.
Segmenting Beginning and Ending Sounds
Say a word, such as: hand. Model for your child breaking the word into its first and ending sounds like this: /h/ /and/. Keep asking words until the skill is mastered and can be completed with ease.
Segmenting Phonemes
Say a word for your child, such as: fish. Break it into each of its phonemes: /f/ /i/ /sh/. There are 3 sounds in fish. Keep practicing having your child break simple words into each of its phonemes and tell you how many sounds he or she heard.

Resources for Teaching Phonemic Awareness

If teaching your child phonemic awareness skills is overwhelming to you, there is an excellent resource that we have used with success.
All About Reading - Pre Level 1
This, the first level of the All About Reading curriculum, is full of quick, fun, ready-made phonemic awareness activities. We ran through this program last year with our then 5-year old son who exhibits many of the early signs of dyslexia. He can have trouble with focus and also has a low tolerance for things that are difficult for him ; he's a bit of a perfectionist. He loved this program. The multi-sensory activities provided were just what he needed. Having every word scripted and all of the supplies that I, as his teacher, needed to teach him was a huge time saver for me. I highly recommend this research-based, multi-sensory early reading program for providing the amount of practice dyslexic kids need to make phonemic awareness a solid skill.

Phonological Awareness Growing Bundle from The Literacy Nest (via TPT)

We've been enjoying this huge bundle of phonological awareness games from Emily at the Literacy Nest. Emily is an experienced Orton-Gillingham tutor and makes some fantastic products based on her extensive experience working with dyslexic kids.

Phonemic Awareness by Literacy Resources An excellent open and go curriculum.

Have you taught your kids Phonemic Awareness?

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How to Teach Phonemic Awareness | Homeschooling with Dyslexia

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Research has shown that phonemic awareness is the single strongest indicator of a child's success at learning to read. But, how do you teach it? I'm showing you step by step! One of the first steps in learning to read is developing a strong awareness of phonemes in language - phonemic awareness.

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I bought the bundle for my own kids and ended up also using this in my classroom. The setting options are amazing I can really customize to my fast learners and my struggling learners. It's like there is another tutor beside me! The option to view a learner's progress is quick and easy, and they can understand it as well! The screen is basic and not very distracting but I found it was just perfect for my easily distract able learners. My kids like this program and are really benefitting. I recommend the bundle because it grows with your kids and great for your classroom to challenge the more advanced learners while also basic for struggling readers!

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‎Simplex Spelling improves English spelling and reading skills by using a powerful combination of phonics lessons, spelling/word patterns, our unique "reverse phonics" approach and contextually relevant spelling rules. Each app teaches a full year of spelling curriculum that is organized by spellin...

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‎Phonological Awareness Lab (PAL) is a fun, multi-level game specifically designed to improve phonological awareness in children. Designed by a certified speech-language pathologist, PAL incorporates a fun science lab theme to encourage children to demonstrate their phonological awareness. Created t...

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