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Water pipe bursting could create additional stress to the coastline.

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Rocks and scree at base of cliff at Pacifica could cause abrasion especially with the energy from destructive waves

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Figure 7b Hurricane Point’s highway repairs were expensive but these repairs would decrease vulnerability because it can improve evacuation attempts in a future hazard event (especially if earthquakes are low-magnitude but frequent). This can reduce fatalities/congestion on other key routes and decrease social impacts.

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Building roads and other infrastructure and buildings makes the ground less permeable, increasing the risk of ground saturation and therefore making mass movement more likely

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Building roads and other infrastructure and buildings makes the ground less permeable, increasing the risk of ground saturation and therefore making mass movement more likely

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orange county-water and gas pipes could increase the vulnerability, if they burst/leak (unless they are shut off quick enough-California State Law)

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Climate change due to human action has created erratic weather patterns, meaning that storms occur more often and the intensity of the waves may increase as a result of warming water surface temperatures, increasing destructivity.

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low seaward dip in figure 2 therefore prone to mudflows and rotational slumping

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low seaward dip in figure 2 therefore prone to mudflows and rotational slumping

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The cliff retreat and loss rate at hurricane point has increased  dramatically over the past 40 years compared to before that, suggesting an increase in mass movement and hydraulic action with increased destructive waves and storms

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California is using shake alert, golden guardian exercise and assisting construction to help their population face and act properly when earthquakes occur

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Pacifica is close to the San Andreas Fault (leading to a faster speed of onset), and is located on a cliff with a clastic structure (sedimentary rock), meaning that it is adversely affected by both the tectonic power and the erosional processes at the base of the cliff, such as hydraulic action and abrasion.

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Also, heavy development on the conservative boundary in California means greater population density close to the coast, so more people are at risk from events and their secondary impacts (especially tsunamis caused by earthquakes). There is a greater risk of heavy economic damage even if fatalities are minimised. For example, 5.1 magnitude Orange County earthquake caused no deaths but may still have heavy consequences, especially as it affected Disneyland (damaged buildings, loss of tourism industry).

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Since California is on a Conservative plate boundary, it makes it more vulnerable to frequent earthquakes of lower magnitudes - 5.1 magnitude EQ in 2014

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building settlements/infrastructure like houses/roads on the cliff weakens the cliff and can make it more prone to landslides

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Sedimentary rock is not resistant to marine processes because of it’s clastic structure. This is why undercutting has occurred on Pacifica. Hydraulic Action is very likely to be the main erosion along process due to the frequent winter storms lower temperatures.

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about 25% of california's population lives in poverty- so they have increased vulnerability

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about 25% of california's population lives in poverty- so they have increased vulnerability

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The erosion of land in the years 1993-2001 were much higher than they were previously. Resulting in around 10x more land being lost in half the time.

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Erosion (hydraulic action) at the base of the cliff at hurricane point makes it unstable. The sedimentary rock is less resistant so can be eroded more easily

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Road construction weakened the slope adding stress

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Human activity can increase the stress on landslides at hurricane point such as road activity, infrastructure.

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Human factors and industrial processes contribute to climate change and the effects can be sen as the loss rate in centimetres per year increases a lot during 1993-2001. Climate change would produce much more destructive waves, as well as the wave having a much longer fetch, as well as sea level rise so more erosion processes will be taking place at the same time, therefore increasing the rate.

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high capacity to cope due to management strategies in california such as shake alert an high tech monitoring, golden guardian excerisise

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high capacity to cope due to management strategies in california such as shake alert an high tech monitoring, golden guardian excerisise

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Proximity to San Andreas faultline (figure 7a) means seismic waves from any earthquake travel less distance so they have more energy and can cause greater damage (quick speed of onset).

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Pacifica - building infrastructure increases stress on the coastline.

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Increases winter storms caused buildings to be abandoned. The more extreme and frequent the storms are, the higher the risk