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"Items or equipment designed to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (Colarusso et al., 2013, p. 493). Examples include an AAC device, CCTV, FM system.

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Significant changes made to materials or instruction that result in student no longer meeting general standards (Colarusso et al., 2013). Examples include books similar to learning material but at earlier reading level, substitute writing assignments for a poster, etc.

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Changes in instruction or materials that don't change the curriculum. (Colarusso et al., 2013).
Examples include extended time on assignments, typing instead of writing, etc.

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Allows individuals to access materials through a variety of different ways.

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Group chat/discussion about information, breaking down large assignments, feedback opportunities.

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Allowing for multiple ways to show skill. This assignment for example. Making any type of illustration to demonstrate knowledge of topic.

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Below are three principles of UDL:

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Speech-to-text, online textbook, outline of notes from class

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Colarusso, R. P., O'Rourke, C. M., & Leontovich, M. A. (2013). Special education for all teachers(6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.

Miles, A. (2019). Lecturing to Learn. [PowerPoint slides].

Roth, F. P., & Worthington, C. K. (2011). Treatment resource manual for speech-language pathology (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.

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Provide enough learning opportunities for motivation of learning (Roth & Worthington, 2011, p. 5).

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Various methods and modalities for students to demonstrate mastery of content (Roth & Worthington, 2011, p.5)

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"Multiple methods for students to access and learn content (Roth & Worthington, 2011, p. 4).

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Universal Design Principles for Learning (UDL)

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Universal Design Principles for Learning (UDL)

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Miles (2019) states it's the "process of creating products, environments, and systems which are usable by people with the widest possible range of abilities."

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Negotiation & Expression  (Miles, 2019)

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Cognitive Development & General Knowledge

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Cognitive Development & General Knowledge

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How the child is cognitively developing  (Miles, 2019).

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Ability to communicate, produce language developmentally appropriate, and literacy skills appropriate for age  (Miles, 2019).

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Feelings, senses, self-regulation. Knowing what is normal is important. (Miles 2019)

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Mastering movements. From articulation to posture. (Miles, 2019)

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Theories of Learning to Developmental Domains

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Theories of Learning to Developmental Domains

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Keeping these learning theories in mind, a clinician must also be aware of these developmental domains so they can best target their therapy towards their client based on their abilities.

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Vygotsky. Language is a social and cultural phenomenon that is centrally involved in development of thinking  (Miles, 2019).

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Social learning impacts cognitive development.

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Maslow & Rogers. Experiences shape your learning. Hierachy of needs and relevancy (Miles, 2019).

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Miles (2019) said it is the "experiences shape your human potential of learning. Learning occurs when basic needs are met and content is relevant (slide 11).

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Piaget. Focuses on developmental processes (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations), schemas and learning information (Miles, 2019).

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Miles (2019) stated that it is “acquiring or reorganizing cognitive structures through which humans process and store information” (slide 9).

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Major Contributors and Basic Information

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Pavlov, Watson, & Skinner. Focuses on stimuli, conditioning, & reinforcement (Miles, 2019).

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Miles (2019) said the "study of overt behaviors that can be observed or measured” (slide 7).

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Listed are the Major Theories for Learning.