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This conditional is used for unreal situations.
Example: I don’t have $1,000. But:
If I had $1,000, I would get a new bike

The time of the action can either be thought of in the present or future (not past).

Here are more examples:
If England had better weather, it would be the perfect place to live (it doesn’t have good weather!)
I would exercise every day if I had the time (I don’t have time to do this)
Would you be happy if you had to work 12 hours a day?

First vs Second Conditional:
Look at the following examples:
If I win the lottery, I’ll buy you a house
If I won the lottery, I would buy you a house

Well, the first one (1st conditional) suggests that I have a lottery ticket. I’m speaking about a specific lottery draw. I have a ticket for this Saturday’s lottery and if I win, I’ll buy you a house!

The second one (2nd conditional) is talking about this in general – in a hypothetical way – not a specific lottery event.

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1.1. actions finished in the past
I visited Berlin last week.
1.2. series of completed actions in the past
First I got up, then I had breakfast.

2. Signal words
yesterday
last week
a month ago
in 2010

3. Form
regular verbs → infinitive + ed
irregular verbs → 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Past – regular verbs
Long formsContracted formsI cleaned my room. | not possible
You cleaned your room.
He cleaned his room.

4.2. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Past – irregular verbs
Long formsContracted formsI went home. | not possible
You went home.
He went home.

4.3. Negative sentences in the Simple Past
Do not negate a main verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) and the infinitive of the verb for negations.

There is no difference between regular and irregular verbs in negative sentences.
Long formsContracted formsI did not clean the room. | I didn't clean the room.
You did not clean the room. | You didn't clean the room.
He did not clean the room. | He didn't clean the room.

4.4. Questions in the Simple Past
You need the auxiliary did and the infinitive of the verb.
Long formsContracted formsDid I play football? | not possible
Did you play football?
Did he play football?

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1. actions happening at the moment of speaking (now, at the moment)

Peter is reading a book now

She's listening to the radio.

2. fixed plans in the near future

She is going to Basel on Saturday.

3. temporary actions

His father is working in Rome this month.

4. actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.
5. trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.
6. repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew is always coming late. (I don't like this.)

2. Signal words

now

at the moment

Look!

Listen!

3. Form

to be (am, are, is) + Infinitiv + -ing

4. Examples

4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive

I'm playing football.
You're playing football.
He's playing football.

4.2. Negative sentences in the Present Progressive
I'm not playing football.
You're not playing football.
He's not playing football.

4.3. Questions in the Present Progressive

Am I playing football?
Are you playing football?
Is he playing football?

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1. Use of the Simple Present

1.1. repeated actions

My friend often draws nice posters.

1.2. things in general

The sun rises in the east.

1.3. fixed arrangements, scheduled events

The plane flies to London every Monday.

1.4. sequence of actions in the present

First I get up, then I have breakfast.

1.5. instructions

Open your books at page 34.

1.6. with special verbs

I understand English.

2. Signal words

every day

often

always

sometimes

never

3. Form

infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)

4. Examples

4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Present
I read books.
You read books.
He reads books.

4.2. Negative sentences in the Simple Present
I don't clean the room.
You don't clean the room.
He does not clean the room

4.3. Questions in the Simple Present

You need the auxiliary do/does and the infinitive of the verb.
Do I play football?
Do you play football?
Does he play?