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BVD Hannah

1.  Bovine viral diarrhoea
2. Caused by BVDV (bovine viral diarrhoea virus)
3.  Cattle
4. Adults=
Highly variable, fever, lethargy, appetite loss, ocular discharge,  diarrhoea, decreasing milk production
Calves=
Most commonly recognised birth defect>cerebellar hypoplasia (ch)(cerebellum doesn't develop properly)
Signs of ch
Lowered head carriage,  wide based stance and incoordination  normally hind legs, lack of sucking behaviour, depression, seizures can be seen before death.
5. Transmitted in many ways
Through congenital infection of the fetus/after birth may cause, abortion, still/live birth
Fetuses born as bvdv infected, infection continues entire life of calf and will shed bvdv continuously in farm environments
6. Vaccinations to maintain immunity
7. Combination of removal of infected cattle, vaccination, enhanced biosecurity

Http://www.cattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/200/bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd/
Http://www.bvdzero.com/bvc_channel/bvd_virus/bvd_transmission.html.

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BRSV - chloe
What is BRSV ?

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infects many types of epithelial cells in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, including tonsilar epithelium.

https://www.drovers.com/article/brsv-pi3-and-ibr-beef-cattle

Treatment

There is no clear treatment for this condition and is only available as antibacterial treatment for the secondary infections

However there are many vaccinations that are available to prevent this virus or to lessen the severity

https://www.zoetisus.com/conditions/beef/bovine-respiratory-syncytial-virus-_brsv_.aspx

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PREVENTION

1.  Dry, clean bedding.
2. Ventilation.
3. Vaccine can protect calf aswell as other diseases.
4. Cows can be vaccinated between one and four months before calving.
5. Calves must have ample colostrum, especially under 5 days old and free from stress.
6. Continued feeding of colostrum up to 30 days of age.

CONTROL

1.Disinfection between groups.
2. Isolate any animals that have been infected.
3. Different age groups should be separated.

REF NETVET.CO.UK

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1 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea

2 The disease is caused by a pestivirus

3 Often infects cattle but can also infect sheep and other ruminants.

4 Signs:
-Embryonic Death
-Abortion

-Mummification of the foetus

-Birth defects of the nervous system and the eyes

-Low head carriage

-Wide stance

-Unsteady on feet
-Premature or weak calves

-Live persistently infected calves

-Temporary drop in milk yield

-Scour

-Intestinal Disease/problems

-Mortality

5 The disease is maintained and spread in a herd of cows by the existence of Persistently Infected animals (this is when a mother comes into contact with the disease within the first 125 days of gestation and it travels to the placenta of the young) Some of the foetuses die and be reabsorbed, some will become aborted but many of them will survive to full term. The disease is excreted for the cows full lifespan, through nasal discharge and faeces.

It is also sexually transmitted through the secretions that are produced but the adults will usually recover and then become immune.

6&7 BVD is controlled and prevented by:

§ biosecurity procedures:

-Closed herd groups

-Purchase from BVDV accredited herds

-Take blood tests and isolate before introducing non BVDV accredited herd cows

-Double perimeter fences to prevent the neighbouring cows to come into contact

§  biocontainment for eradication:

-Screen all animals

-Vaccinations

-Culling off the PI cows

8

https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/bovine-viral-diarrhoea-bvd/

https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-welfare/biosecurity-and-diseases/diseases/bvd/#.XZdT0kZKg2w

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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ( IBR ) by Monica Russell and Alana Docherty

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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ( IBR ) by Monica Russell and Alana Docherty

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1 . What causes it?
o Highly contagious
o Infectious respiratory disease
o Caused by Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV – 1)
o Affects young and old cattle
o Characterized by acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
o Life long infection
o Stays in the nerve cells , near impossible to treat. Buying cattle with the infection is most common, this can infect other cattle.
o Once the cattle are infected they are never considered safe. If cattle has the viruses antibody it cannot be exported to other countries or accepted into artificial insemination centres.

Symptoms
o Fever
o Coughing
o Depression
o Loss of appetite
o Hyperaemia of the mucosae
o Mucosla lesions
o Nasal discharge
o Conjunctivitis
o Drop in milk production
o Infertility
o Abortion

Treatment
o Approximately 4-6 months
o No direct treatment for viral diseases isolate the animal from the herd.
o Anti inflammatory – first treatment
o Antibiotics- this is if the animal has second infection of IBR

Prevention
o Modified live virus
o Inactive or killed virus
o Vaccinating against this disease can only reduce the severity of the disease/condition/illness.
o Vaccine takes approx 3 weeks to fully work
o Marker vaccines are used to distinguish from IBR(1st vaccine) and BOHV-1 (2nd vaccine)
o Being as biosecure as possible to reduce the risk on the farm

https://www.farmhealthonline.com/disease-management/cattle-diseases/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis/
https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-ibr-bhv-1/

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Rotavirus Q 4 & 5    Ashley Cockin
1) What is the symptoms of rotavirus?
Symptoms include
• Reluctant to stand and suckle
• Mild depression
• Pale yellow diarrhoea which is common, sometimes mucour (fungus) and blood flecks are in the diarrhoea.
• Diarrhoea can last between four days to eight weeks.
• It can leave calves dehydrated due to loss of bodily fluids.
• Dehydration can lead to secondary infections.
• Abomasum (fourth stomach) and intestines can be swollen with gas and fluid.

2) How is the rotavirus transmitted?
Rotavirus commonly affects calves between eight and fourteen days and is spread from calf to calf through the animals faeces.

The Cattle Site (2000- 2019) http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/234/rotaviral-diarrhoea/(accessed30/09/2019)
Phil Scott DVM&S DipECBHM CertCHP DSHP FRCVS(2009)https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/calf-management/calf-scour-suckler-herds/(accessed 30/09/2019)

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1•BRSV stands for bovine respiratory syncitial virus

2•BRSV infects mucosal cells that are lining the respiratory tract, this obliterates the mucociliary apparatus that clears pathogens and other particular matter from the air way
•The tissue is then susceptible to secondary infection and viral infection
•The severity of BRSV ranges from fatal to mild/no clinical signs showing

3•BRSV mostly infects cattle but has been known to infect sheep and goats too

4•BRSV has many symptoms for example; tachypnea; serous ocular secretion; dry mouth; reduced activity; anorexia; fever up to 40•C; dyspnoea and finally, death

5•BRSV is transmitted through an infected animals aerosols.
•However, they can also be infect by direct contact through objects (famites).
•The fatality rate can be anywhere from 0-20% when the outbreaks infection rate is high

6. Modified - live vaccines have been used to prevent the virus. However this is not always affective and is also known to exaggerate the virus.

References

https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/viruses/brsv

https://www.hipra.com/portal/en/hipra/knowledge/bgdetail/brsv/bovine-respiratory-syncytal-virus-brsv

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0389-6

https://www.zoetisus.com/conditions/beef/bovine-respiratory-syncytial-virus-_brsv_.aspx

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/bovine-respiratory-syncytial-virus

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Here's what I've done on Rotavirus. I couldn't find much info on what causes it.
Rotavirus

2. What causes it?

o   Rotavirus is primarily caused by infected calves shedding large quantities of the virus.

o   The infection enters the small intestine of the calf and attacks the villi, reducing the calf’s ability to absorb any nutrients effectively.

o   This causes a concentration gradient and a change in water levels, so there is a loss of water from the epithelial cells and therefore causes dehydration.

o   These damaged cells die out and the gut starts to regrow and repair itself, but this takes a long time.

o   Scouring then occurs to try and remove the dead infected cells, it is usually a pasty white colour but sometimes may have blood in it.

o   During this period the calf is susceptible to other diseases, as it can’t absorb any nutrients.

o   Rotavirus can be living in farm facilities constantly, in soil and faeces for months and in water for a few weeks.

o   Can also be caused by infected dogs, cats and wild animals being in the same area.

3. What class of stock does it effect?

o   Rotavirus mainly effects young beef suckler calves at around 8-14 days old.

o   Can also affect young piglets from only a day old.

References

Dr. Tomislav Meštrović, MD, Ph.D. (2018) Rotavirus in Animals, https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-in-Animals.aspx (Accessed: 30/09/2019)

The Cattle Site (2017) Rotaviral Diarrhoea, http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/234/rotaviral-diarrhoea/ (Accessed: 30/09/2019)

Phil Scott DVM&S BVM&S CertCHP DSHP DipECBHM FRCVS (2009) Rotavirus Infection, https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/calf-management/calf-scour-beef-and-dairy-rearer-units/#Rotavirus infection (Accessed: 30/09/2019)