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MARSHALL'S PLAN.      (Javier Fernandez 4ºB)

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MARSHALL'S PLAN.      (Javier Fernandez 4ºB)

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It was officially called ERP European Recovery Program. It was a movement of the US to help Occidental Europe in which they gave approximately 14 thousand million to Europe for recovering all those devastated countries by the Second World War. This movement took place between 1948 and 1952. USA intention was to facilitate trade, to make a modern industry. All this aims where done in order to fight against communism that was having a lot of repercussion in Europe after de war. Allies countries were given more help from the USA than those ones who formed part of the axis during the war as it was logic. The most beneficiase countries where: first England, second France and third Occidental Germany.

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The Japanese Economic Miracle refers to a period from post-WWII to the end of the Cold War where Japan’s economy still recorded positive growth. The period was around 1945 to 1991.
The economic miracle took part in four stages: The recovery phase, high increase, steady increase, and the low increase phase.

The recovery phase focused on rebuilding the industries with the great focus being on the cotton, steel, and coal industries.
The high increase phase ran from 1954 to 1972. As from 1967 to 1971, Japan’s economy experienced the most significant growth recorded in the country. Japan rose to one of the most developed countries in East Asia. The Japanese education system also played a part in the economic growth by producing highly skilled and discipline workers.

The steady increase phase ran from 1973 to 1992. There was an oil crisis in 1973 and 1979 which saw the prices of oil triple in both instances. The crisis was caused by economic sanctions set by the organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries on countries that seemed to be supporting Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Though the sanction shook the economies of other countries, Japan's economy continued to grow.

The low increase phase started around 1992 when the economic bubble phase faded leading to a recession. Japan had an economic phase known as the economic bubble during the 1980s.

MIGUEL ÁLVAREZ 4ºA

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During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations. The embargo both banned petroleum exports to the targeted nations and introduced cuts in oil production. Several years of negotiations between oil-producing nations and oil companies had already destabilized a decades-old pricing system, which exacerbated the embargo’s effects.

The American economy was beginning to show troubling symptoms such as a slowdown in growth. In the face of an exorbitant increase in oil prices and supply problems, many countries chose to reduce their dependence on oil by betting on other sources of energy. France opted for nuclear energy, while the United States and Canada opted for the burning of wood waste.

Before the embargo carried out by the nations of the Middle East, problems of energy supply occurred and the consequences on the most developed countries soon became visible. Although the embargo lasted six months there was an increase in inflation and many countries entered a stage of low economic growth. This economic period is marked by high inflation and a stagnant economy. It was lifted in  March 1974.

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European Union (EU), international organization comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force on November 1, 1993. The treaty was designed to enhance European political and economic integration by creating a single currency (the euro), a unified foreign and security policy, and common citizenship rights and by advancing cooperation in the areas of immigration, asylum, and judicial affairs.
The EU represents one in a series of efforts to integrate Europe since World War II. At the end of the war, several western European countries sought closer economic, social, and political ties to achieve economic growth and military security and to promote a lasting reconciliation between France and Germany. To this end, in 1951 the leaders of six countries—Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany—signed the Treaty of Paris, thereby, when it took effect in 1952, founding the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). (The United Kingdom had been invited to join the ECSC and in 1955 sent a representative to observe discussions about its ongoing development, but the Labour government of Clement Attlee declined membership, owing perhaps to a variety of factors, including the illness of key ministers, a desire to maintain economic independence, and a failure to grasp the community’s impending significance.) The ECSC created a free-trade area for several key economic and military resources: coal, coke, steel, scrap, and iron ore. To manage the ECSC, the treaty established several supranational institutions: a High Authority to administrate, a Council of Ministers to legislate, a Common Assembly to formulate policy, and a Court of Justice to interpret the treaty and to resolve related disputes. A series of further international treaties and treaty revisions based largely on this model led eventually to the creation of the EU.
Milene gomez arreaga 4A

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The History of the EU with David Mitchell

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By José Risquete Flores4ºA

Short youtube video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMXjsVLOznc

Power point Presentation:

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The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the memebers of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel durong the Yom Kippur War. The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, The Netherlands, The United Kingdom and the United Estates with the embargo also later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa. By theend of the embargo in March 1974, the pricenof oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or "shock", with many short and long term effects on global politics and the global economy.

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The Hippie Movement (Alaia Serrulla 4ºA)

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The Hippie Movement (Alaia Serrulla 4ºA)

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The hippie movement, or also spelled hippy, was a movement hat began in the United States but spread out internationally to countries like Canada and Great Brittain.

The hippie subculture began its development as a youth movement in USA in the 1960's. The origins of the movement could be related with the European social movements from 19-20 th centuries(Bohemians) and also to religions and spirituality.

Even though it blew up in the 60's, it is believed that its origins come from the mazdakist movement of Persia, which showed vegetarianism and "free love" or even from ancient greeks, with filosofers like Cynics.
Also, it is shown that the "hippies" had been greatly influenced by the ideals of Jesus Christ, Buddha, St. Francis of Assisi, Gandhi, etc.

The hippies, appart from "giving free love" also protested against things they thought were irrational, as we actually do nowadays. One of those famous protests was the one against the Vietnam War.
They marched against what they thought was not right, and in this particular protest, the walked around with draft cards and later on they burned them for showing their position and opinion on the acts of the state and of politicians.

Thanks to this movement, appart from protesting, culture also was expanded and great things were made.
An example of this is summer of love.

other links to more photos are the following:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg/300px-Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MIRnXil22eM/maxresdefault.jpg

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Truman Doctrine (Pablo García Vélez 4ºA)

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Truman Doctrine (Pablo García Vélez 4ºA)

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Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by USA president Harry Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. As the USA and the S.U (soviet union) struggled to reach a balance of power during the Cold War that followed WW2, Great Britain announced that it could no longer afford to aid those Mediterranean countries, which the West feared were in danger of falling under Soviet influence.
The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterrenean. As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union's requests, tensions arose in the region, leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets. Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage.

https://youtu.be/3AVhDK1mqh4

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China: economic system since 1949 (Marta Guillén Siero 4B

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China: economic system since 1949 (Marta Guillén Siero 4B

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- In the years between the foundation of the People's Republic of China (1949) and 1956, the economic system changed from a mixed economy with a dominant public sector into a highly centralized planned economy.

- The Soviet model was once adopted in China in the 1950s, but its disadvantages were that the industrial productivity lagged and the system also failed to provide incentives to farmers. [incentive: incentivo]

- In 1978 the economy was transformed into a system in which plan and market co-existed; in the cities, diverse forms of ownership were permitted and companies were restructured. These measures increased the freedom of individual enterprises to take initiatives and injected dynamism into the economy.

- From the 1990s, the economic system shifted in the direction of a socialist market economy: enterprises were pushed to undertake market reforms and the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges were established. In 1999, the Second Session of the Ninth National People Congress (NPC) acknowledged the private sector.

The effects of the global economic crisis that started in 2008 are still being felt worldwide,  other countries are increasingly willing to look to China for lessons on how to find a way out of the crisis.

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The Japanese miracle (Miguel Andrés Velasco 4B)

The Japanese economic miracle is known as the period in which Japan reached it's top economic development. It happened between the post-WW II and the end of the cold war, during the mandate of Hiroshito ,the Showa Empereor

This "miracle" is rhe result of the benefitd which West Germany obtained from the Cold War, and the economic interventionism by the USA in Japan, who were present in the archipelago since 1945 in order to prevent the soviet influence and the communist ideas of a country which was devastated, basically, they didn't want the USSR to control the Pacific Ocean.

Thanks to these aids, Japan had reacheda complete economic recovery by the 60s, and achieved an increasingly growing economy(5% in the 60s and 7-8% on the 70s) which lasted until the late 80s, leaving the country as the second economic power in the world, just behind the United States

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Espionage and the Cold War (Alicia Ní Annracháin 4ºa)

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Espionage and the Cold War (Alicia Ní Annracháin 4ºa)

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One of the most characteristic reasons behind the Cold War is espionage. This period is full of stories about spies, agents and assassins, operating undercover and living double lives to infiltrate enemy governments or societies. Even though it’s often exaggerated, the US and the Soviet Union did spend a lot of time recruiting and training spies and agents.

The main purpose of Cold War espionage was to gather information and intelligence about the enemy, particularly their military and technical capabilities. They used many sources to spy  on each other such as paid informers, double-agents, stolen documents, intercepted communications, ‘bugs’ (listening devices) and other means of surveillance. Agents also carried out disruptive missions, such as carrying out sabotage operations and kidnapping or assassinating enemy agents or politicians.   The success of their mission and their survival was based on looking and behaving like ordinary members of whichever society they were infiltrated.

All major Cold War powers had at least one government agency that were in charge of analyzing the information that spies gathered in their missions.

In the United States, the agency that was in charge of it was the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA began as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a military branch that conducted espionage and undercover operations during World War II.

The Soviet Union had organisations of spies a lot earlier, such as the communist CHEKA (1917-22), the OGPU (1922-34) and Stalin’s NKVD (1934-54). All these organisations used methods to gather information about political dissidents and potential ‘enemies of the state’. After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, the NKVD was replaced by the KGB ( in english: ‘Committee for National Security’). The KGB assumed responsibility for both domestic security and foreign intelligence. During World War II, Moscow had a lot of interest in infiltrating their best spies on the Manhattan Project, America’s nuclear weapons research program. Soviet agents were able to obtain and pass on technical information about this program, and therefore,when the US dropped their first atomic bomb on Japan in August 1945, Stalin knew more about this devastating new weapon than most American politicians.

Videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgGasq4eCks

https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/intelligence-in-recent-public-literature.html

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                         The Crisis of 1973 ( Carlos Cabral 4B )

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                         The Crisis of 1973 ( Carlos Cabral 4B )

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What was the crisis about❓

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kimppur War. The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA.

Causes of the crisis🤔

In 1948 the State of Israel was created. However much of the Arab population in the region refused to acknowledge the Israeli state and in the following decades small attacks periodically led to a conflict. One of these Arab-Israeli wars, the Yom Kimppur War, began when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. After the Soviet Union began sending arms to Egypt and Syria, U.S. President Richard Nixon and other European leaders began an effort to resupply Israel.

In response, members of the Organization of the OAPEC reduced their petroleum production and proclaimed an embargo on oil shipments. Though the Yom Kippur War ended in late October, the embargo and limitations on oil production continued, sparking an international energy crisis.

Consequences of the crisis👍👎

After the embargo was announced, the price of oil shot from $3 per barrel to $12. After decades of abundant supply and growing consumption, Americans now faced price hikes and fuel shortages, causing lines to form at gasoline stations around the country. In addition to causing major problems in the lives of consumers, the energy crisis was a huge blow to the American automotive industry, which had for decades turned out bigger and bigger cars and would now be outpaced by Japanese manufacturers producing smaller and more fuel-efficient models.

Though the embargo was not enforced uniformly in Europe, the price hikes led to an energy crisis of even greater proportions than in the United States. Countries such as Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Norway and Denmark placed limitations on driving, boating and flying.

The oil embargo was lifted in March 1974, but oil prices remained high, and the effects of the energy crisis lingered throughout the decade. In order to overcome that situation the USA and other Europeans countries adopted a movement toward an energy reform. Efforts were made to stimulate oil production as well as to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and find alternative sources of power, including renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power, as well as nuclear power.

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During the Vietnam War, Vietnam was divided in South and North Vietnam, the North side supported communism, and the South was pro western.

In the South, we found the Viet Cong, also known as the National Liberation Front, was a mass political organization with its own army (the People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF)) that fought against the United States and South Vietnamese governments. It has both, a guerrilla and a regular army unit.

US and South Vietnamese Special Forces sent people to capture them, they were usually killed very quickly or returned with heavy casualties to the point that teams refused to go.

Political and military organization of the Viet Cong was complex, with a series of well-constructed, overlapping networks, committees and organisations. Material aid was primarily provided through the well-established, ingenious Hồ Chí Minh trail which withstood the most sustained bombing campaign in history.

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The origins of the European Union (Jaime Pardo 4ºB)

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The origins of the European Union (Jaime Pardo 4ºB)

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The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of some countries belonging mainly to Europe. Currently, there are 28 countries in the EU and one of those is Spain, which joined the 1st of January of 1986.

The EU, however, dates back to the 1950s. A group of pioneers, such as Konrad Adenauer (first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany), Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) or Sicco Mansholt (farmer and member of the Dutch resistance during WWII), inspired the creation of a union of countries to promote peace and stability. In 1951, six countries - Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands and Luxembourg - signed the Treaty of Coal and Steel to run their industries under certain management. Due to the success of this agreement, those six countries expanded cooperation to cover even more economic sectors. They signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and created the European Economic Community (EEC). Since then economy grew enormously and many other countries wanted to join as well during the following years.

One of the most emblematic symbols of the European Union is the flag, blue with twelve golden stars. It was adopted in 1955 by The Council of Europe, a similar organisation which promotes peace in the continent. In 1983, it was adopted by some EU leaders who wanted it to become the official emblem.

The creation of the European Union was definitely an economic agreement which would benefit all the member countries and stayed far away from what would be an opportunity for peace all around the continent. Nevertheless, nowadays it is an organisation which seeks peace and calm throughout Europe. It also tries to solve and improve international issues such as climate change, refugees...

In this link you will find more information about how the European Union has developed from a six-member-country union to one of the most important political and economic influences in the whole world

https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_en

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JAPANESE ECONOMIC MIRACLE (Lucía Parra 4ºA)

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JAPANESE ECONOMIC MIRACLE (Lucía Parra 4ºA)

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This miracke was the result of post-WWII and west Germany benefiting from the cold war. It occurred mainly because of the economic intervention of the Japanese government and partly due to the aid and assistance of the U.S. Marshal plan. After World War II, the U.S. established a significant presence in Japan to slow the expansion of Soviet influence in the Pacific. The U.S. was also concerned with the growth of the economy of Japan because there was a risk after World War II that an unhappy and poor Japanese population would turn to communism and by doing so ensure that the Soviet Union would control the Pacific.
The distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy during the "economic miracle" years included: the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and banks in closely knit groups called keiretsu; the powerful enterprise unions and shuntō; good relations with government bureaucrats, and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations and highly unionized blue-collar factories.

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CIVIL RIGHT MOVEMENT (Julia Carrera Nuño 4A)

The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it didn’t end discrimination against blacks—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism, especially in the South. By the mid-20th century, African Americans had had more than enough of prejudice and violence against them. They, along with many whites, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that spanned two decades.During Reconstruction , blacks took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote. In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave blacks equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted blacks the right to vote. Still, many whites, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they’d once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field. But this laws weren’t use. Black people couldn’t vote, they couldn’t work, travel or even have a coffee with a white person. They were rejected by the society. But due to white people killing black people, the Black people make a “revolution”, with a leader as Martin Luther King Jr. and with people as Rosa Parks that have the courage of facing those racist people. This fight has not end jet, they are still fighting for their rights

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The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, for whom it was named, it was crafted as a four-year plan to reconstruct cities, industries and infrastructure heavily damaged during the war and to remove trade barriers between European neighbors – as well as foster commerce between those countries and the United States.
In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the Marshall Plan was to halt the spread communism on the European continent.
Implementation of the Marshall Plan has been cited as the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and its European allies and the Soviet Union, which had effectively taken control of much of central and eastern Europe and established its satellite republics as communist nations.
The Marshall Plan is also considered a key catalyst for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance between North American and European countries established in 1949.