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In the late 1800s had to be inhaled in through the nose and mouth which made it difficult to control the dosage. In the 1930s Helmuth Wesse made it possible for a aesthetics to be injected into the blood stream enabling doctors and surgeons to make the dosage precise and greater safety and kept the patient asleep longer so surgeons could take their time  when they are surgerys. Now local anaesthetics are so effective they are used major operations such as heart surgery, hip replacements and other things similar to that.

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Drug treatments of the future may be designed to target a single persons certain health problems  which are arisen because of a particular gene in the persons DNA. Custom drugs may become less haphazard.

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although anaesthetics have been around since the late 1800s it had to be inhaled through the nose and through the nose and mouth which made it difficult to control the dosage and as a result of this  man people were killed s a result of this however in modern day it is injected directly into the bloodstream and so the doctors can control the dosage much more easily.

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Some research shows that certain diseases and disabilities ike cystic fibrosis, Huntington's cholera and  muscular dystrophy are all caused by single abnormal gene (a gene passed down from parent to child.) Gene therapy take some normal gene from a donor and puts it into the DNA of some suffering from on of these many diseases. A method of doing this would be using stem cells from embryos. An example of this would  be the cells from an embryo to reverse the common form of blindness and to regrow damaged nerves and to restore movements to those who have been in an accident.

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In modern day surgeons cut into the patient through as small a hole as possible to reduce the chance of blood loss and infection. To do this they require an endoscope which is a machine controlled by miniature cameras and cables to help the surgeon to sea what he is doing.

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The injuries of both world wars led to rapid improvements in techniques, especially the use of skin grafts. In the First World War injuries were mostly from bullet and shell damage. Surgeons carried out over 11,000 plastic surgery operations, increasing their experience and learning from each other. In the second world war there were many more burn cases in tanks and planes. Archibald Mclndoe alone carried out 4000 operations on burns cases.

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Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, continued research on X-rays. They discovered radium which had been used ever since to diagnose cancers, and in radiotherapy to treat cancers. Their research was the beginning of modern treatments for cancers. As the research continued it became so complex that they built up a team of research scientists to share ideas.

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In 1895 a German Scientist,Wilhelm Rontgen,discovered rays of light that could pass through black paper,wood and flesh and still light up a wall.He did not know what they were so called them X-Rays.Within months,X-Rays machines were in use in Hospitals.The first World War led to a great increase in the use of X-Rays to locate bullets and shrapnel lodged deep within wounded men.After this X-Rays became routine and used in many different ways.For example,they changed the care of pregnant woman and their babies as it became easier to monitor the development of babies in the womb

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when implanted in someones body the heart pacemaker sends electrical shocks to force the heart to beat properly which can prevent heart attacks and speed up the heart beating to prevent people fainting. it is mainly implanted in the elderly and was introduced in 1941 byneer a canadian electrical engineer called  John Hopps

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When blood transfusions were first attempted in the 1800s but it rarely worked.  nobody could figure out why. Until  1901 when Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups. Shortly after blood transfusions were made possible it provided the patients and donor had the same  blood  types as each other and were from the same place. However when the doctors tried to store the blood it clotted and could not use in blood transfusions any more but the problem of storing blood was solved in the first world war. Firstly a substance named sodium citrate to help prevent blood clotting. Then scientists discovered how to separate and store important blood cells and kept them in bottles for future use. Ths then made it possible to store mass amounts of blood for future use

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The first heart transplant was carried out in south Africa by Dr Christiaan Barnard and a team of highly skilled doctors, nurses and scientists. Other organs had been transplanted before then- kidneys in 1954 and liver in 1963 . Since then more ambitious transplants have been carried out including the first bone marrow transplant in 1980 and the first heart and lung transplant in 1982. All depend om high levels of technical and scientific expertise.