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Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America.

Rejected Social Darwinism

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Like Rockefeller, a prime example of rags>>> riches. Immigrant from Scotland, and at 13 he worked in a textile mill. He continued to climb the work ladder due to his overwhelming ambitions (telegraphy>> railroading>> bridge building>>> steel making>> and eventually to investing. This is the basis on which he founded the gospel of wealth. Later. he resolved to concentrate on steel because it was cheaper after the Civil War. Towards the end of his life he was a "philanthropist".

Note: He was not a specialist. He was a business man.

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Appeals to the interests and conceptions of the general population, especially when contrasting any new collective consciousness push against the prevailing status quo interests of any predominant political sector.

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An eco-political system revolving around the interests of private owners for private instead of the state.

"Free enterprise"

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Between the two booming oil cities (Pittsburgh and Cleveland) Rockefeller focused his energy on Cleveland because of the state of their rail services. Later, he grew an interest in profiting from refining oil and later named all of his interests as "Standard Oil Company of Ohio." He bought out most of his competitors in Cleveland and was the most successful in his market! Typical example of rags >>> riches.

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Characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production, politics, and ideology

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~John D. Rockefeller

~Andrew Carnegie

~J. Pierpont Morgan

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Eugene V. Debs (Outlook for Socialism, 1900)

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Eugene V. Debs (Outlook for Socialism, 1900)

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Having firsthand experience from working on the railroads, Debs promoted unions and was even jailed for his involvement after the government framed him. This festered his attitude toward the time, and emerged from jail as a socialist, writing that it was an inevitable change to come to the nation. This pre dates conspiracies of modern day, but holds similar attitudes and convictions.

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(Phillip Hubert Jr.) The Business of a Factory

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(Phillip Hubert Jr.) The Business of a Factory

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This time period saw a gigantic rise to industry and factories. This source provides the perspective of the owner of one of these factories on the changing times. The point put forward is that time are always changing for the better, and usually the cases in which the conditions are bad are in fact not the norm. Ultimately, people will always have problems, but less than in the past.

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1861 Republicans in Congress created the Pacific Railway Act which "authorized the construction of a rail line along a north-central route, to be built by the Union Pacific Railroad.

It took armies of laborers (10,000+ men) to build. Who made it? Chinese laborers who held on because of the dream of a better life when they get back to China (this mindset helped many of them endure low pay and dangerous work sites.)

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Rising to the top through various types corruption.

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Women as Bread Winners - The Error of the Age  1887 (Edward O'Donnell)

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Women as Bread Winners - The Error of the Age  1887 (Edward O'Donnell)

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As the AFL excluded unskilled workers, it also was blatantly racist and sexist not accepting blacks or women. This source promoted the exclusion of women from unions hysterically, calling it an invasion of the crafts. Also argues that it would throw a wrench into the cookie-cutter family structure where the Dad goes off to work and the Mom takes care of the children. It would 'un-sex' women by excluding them from natures greatest purpose- to take care of the fam.

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A national rail network emerged. Used for transopration of both civialns and goods, railroads seemed to be a blessing. Even so there were still issues in relation to RR transportation.

Some issues are as stated:

1. Too many were built in the wrong places when they weren't needed.

2. companies competed to build new rail lines, and as a result of poor working conditions, many laborers were killed and/or injured.

3. Some were poorly/criminally managed and went bankrupt.

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Samuel Gompers American Federation of labor basically replaced the KOL, but with different philosophy. Organized only skilled workers into unions. Needed a stable treasury to support striking members. Preferred strikes to put real pressure on employers. Sought to improve and not destroy the capitalist wage-labor system like the KOL, by advocating for less hours, higher wages, and better conditions.

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Organizing Women Workers (Leonora M. Barry)

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Organizing Women Workers (Leonora M. Barry)

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The Knights of labor wanted to organized female workers who faced inherent discrimination based solely on their gender at a nation level. Leonora M. Barry acted as an investigative journalist documenting the conditions women faced during the work day. She also organized many women into the KOL.  She cited the fact that the supply and demand for workers was high, so firing women who stood up for themselves became very easy.

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began in the mid 19th century and was mostly in the US and Germany. Why did it start?

1. Creation of interconnected transportation and communication networks (such as: railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and sailing ships).

2. Use of electrical power accelerated industrial change. (ELECTRICITY!!!) This spurred urban growth because of electric trolleys, subways, and the advance production of steel and chemicals.)

3. Use of scientific research in industrial processes.

"More than any other technological advancement the railroads symbolized the urban industrial revolution."

(Begin reading Railroad column)

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Tax on importing foreign goods.

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Preamble to Constitution of Knights of labor

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Preamble to Constitution of Knights of labor

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Stated the KOL's views:

Vehemently opposed to the gospel of wealth. Preferred boycotts over strikes to maintain peace. Encouraged cooperation over competition. Wanted federal regulation (progressivism). Anti child labor. Equal pay for men and women. Reduction of hours. Anti-banking.

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Notoriously lied to earn his fortune, however coined the "Gospel of Wealth" which came to be used steadfastly as a justification for his wealth. Very important that he emphasized giving back to the community he made that money of off, to fulfill his life's legacy. Donated 350 million dollars before death, does this balance his karma?

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What contributed to this sudden economic growth?

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What contributed to this sudden economic growth?

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Well US farming was unparalleled. Product developers and businesses came up with more efficient labor saving machinery (that also dramatically increased production quotas. Also, realize that with more machinery there was less demand for actual human workers in specific markets which will later play a huge part in this timeline). New entrepreneurs took advantage of the booming market and created their own enterprises. High tariffs were imposed to condense the market and blunt competition.

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Company controls all aspects of making a product from start to finish to promote independence.

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Two distinct sides emerged to the question of capitalism, for and against. Many thought that corruption defeated the positives that this capitalist domination did indeed create, however corrupted.

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New technologies gave rise to an ordered national economy. These included railroads, telegraphs, and scientific management which gave rise to captains of industry, or robber barons.

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America moves from agricultural society to an industrial one within three generations after the Civil War. What was once mostly rural farmland became a commercial agricultural and industrial power. With the ever growing Corporate America, we begin to see Social tension and political corruption like never before.

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                                     America Chapter 18

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                                     America Chapter 18

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After the civil war, the reconstruction of the South and the settlement of the West expanded the infrastructure and market opportunities of the nation. The United States quickly went from decentralized agrarian republic to an industrialized  nation of factories and cities.

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                         For The Record Chapter 18

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                         For The Record Chapter 18

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BIG BUISNESS AND ORGANIZED LABOR