# data[].attributes.body
Endangered

in immediate danger of extinction

allows research, propagation, taking

Threatened

likely to become endangered

allows research, propagation. taking, exhibition, education, and special purposes

# data[].attributes.body
CITES focus:

Appendix 1 focuses on permits for ownership and research

Appendix 2 focuses on trade and extinction

Appendix 3 focuses on individual country regulations

US Endangered Species Act focus:

only deals within the US

coveres live, dead, or parts of listed animals

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/nonhuman_primates/nutritional_diseases_of_nonhuman_primates.html

# data[].attributes.body
ENDANGERED

from Africa

includes chimps, bonobos, orangutans, and gorillas

# data[].attributes.body
found in Southeast Asia

no tail

Move by brachiation (use arms to swing branch to branch)

vocal

nonogamous

ENDANGERED

# data[].attributes.body
Primate Zoonoses

# data[].attributes.body
from South and Central America

flat nosed

usually lack trichromatic vision

usually diurnal

no opposable thumbs

REQUIRE vit D3

twelve premolars

prehensile tail

monogamous

# data[].attributes.body
toilet claw

toothcomb

scent glands on wrist/neck

vaginal closure membrane

# data[].attributes.body
Herpes B Virus

# data[].attributes.body
Primate Nutrition

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
AZA Animal Care Manuals - the latest scientifically-based information about caring for these animals in captive situations.

Husbandry Manuals - older guides that are currently being replaced by the Animal Care Manuals above
Recommended resources for developing primate nutrition programs: Primate research articles from our conference proceedings:

Analysis of nutrients, moisture loss, and vitamin stability in primate browse harvested at the San Diego Zoo

Nutritionally complete food-free diets for primates: potential benefits and concerns

Associations between diet, gut microbial communities, and health in red-shanked doucs (Pygathrix nemaeus): a model for the subfamily colobinae

Nutrition therapy for human gastrointestinal disorders and application to captive non-human primates

Case study: unintended consequences of addressing GI distress in a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)

Stronger than yesterday: new nutrient recommendations for lorisine primates

Fruit-free diets for primates

Examination of palatability of extruded primate diet using three flavors

Energy requirements of captive non-human primates

Cholesterol concentrations in free-ranging gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and (Gorilla beringei) and Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Colitis in captive tamarins displayed on semi-natural mixed species exhibits in a North American zoo

Complications associated with diet manipulation in callimico (Callimico goeldii)

BIOACTIVE FACTORS IN MILK: COMPARISONS ACROSS NONHUMAN PRIMATES AND HUMANS

Chemical composition of foods eaten by African colobines compared with Southeast Asian colobines

Determination of tannin levels in various plants and their possible effect on iron chelation in lemurs

Case Study: Elimination diet for a female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) with digestive problems at the Toronto Zoo

Energy and protein supplies to captive orangutans

Fiber digestibility in black lemurs (Eulemur Macaco Macaco)

Macronutrient composition of plants consumed by wild black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegate) in Betampona Natural Reserve, Madagascar

The effects of fiber type and fiber levels on digestibility and volatile fatty acid formation in the Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

The influence of plant chemistry on browse choice in Angolan Colobus Monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliates)

Ingestion of Viburnum x rhytidophylloides 'Alleghany' potentially lethal to White-Mantled Black Colobus (Colobus guereza)

Nutritional composition of the diet of Alouatta palliate Mexicana females in different reproductive states

Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut-and Foregut fermenting folivores.

Relationship between feeding time and food intake in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and the value of feeding time as predictor of food intake.

Nutrient composition of selected plant species consumed by semi free-ranging lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) and ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, U.S.A.

Serum concentrations of lipids, vitamins A and E, vitamin D metabolites, and carotenoids in nine primate species at four zoos

When to feed on gums: temporal patterns of gummivory in wild tamarins, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis (Callitrichiae)

Vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D and Kidney function indices and the relationship to diet in Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

The use of fecal inoculum to determine the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation for cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp, and citrus pectin across three lemur species: Varecia variegate, Eulemur fulvus, and Hapalemur griseus

Trace element intake of Cercopithecinae

Browse species preference and palatability of Colobus guereza kikuyuensis at the Denver Zoological Gardens

A survey of Vitamin A, D and E nutritional status in captive Black and White Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegate variegate)

Chemical composition of Southeast Asian Colobine foods

Secondary compounds in foods selected by free-ranging primates on St. Catherines Island, GA

Do new world primates really have elevated needs for protein and Vitamin D?

Food, behavioral enrichment, and primates: some guidelines

Digestive efficiency and passage rate in two propithecus species fed in a captive diet

The influence of dietary fiber on digestibility, passage rate, and body mass in captive baboons (Papio Anubis)

Vitamin D and Primates: Recurring Problems on a Familiar Theme

Callitrichids: nutrition and dietary and husbandry

Leaf-eating primates: nutrition and dietary husbandry

Orangutan Nutrition

Gorilla Nutrition

Cotton Top Tamarin Nutrition

The Care and Management of Chimpanzees in Captive Environments

Bonobo Nutrition - Relation of Captive Diet to Wild Diet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
AZA Animal Care Manuals - the latest scientifically-based information about caring for these animals in captive situations.

# data[].attributes.body
from Asia, Africa, and Europe

eight premolars

trichromatic vision

social

narrow nose

opposable thumbs

normal tail (not prehensile)

Diurnal

# data[].attributes.body
Animal Welfare

# data[].attributes.body
Endangered vs Threatened

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
While ring-tailed lemurs have gained exposure through movies like IMAX's Island of Lemurs: Madagascar and the animated kids film Madagascar starring King Julien, what may come as a surprise is there are actually more than 90 species of lemurs. And in addition to caring for 33 of the more well-known ring-tailed lemurs, Primarily Primates (PPI) also provides sanctuary to eight brown lemurs. Remarkably, there are 12 species of brown lemurs in the world.

Brooke Chavez, executive director of PPI, describes lemurs as "exceptionally amazing creatures" that many people mistakenly think are monkeys. She explains that lemurs are small primates known as "prosimians," which, roughly translated, means "pre-primates" or "before monkeys." Native only to the island of Madagascar and the neighboring Comoro Islands, lemurs resemble the oldest ancestors of primates who existed tens of millions of years ago. It's suggested that lemurs made their way to Madagascar from the larger African continent millions of years ago and have since adapted and evolved into the diverse number of species that exist today.

Sadly 94 percent of lemurs are threatened with extinction. Forty-nine species are listed as endangered and another 24 species are critically endangered.

Chavez pointed out that unlike some other primates, lemurs do not have prehensile tails (they cannot hang by their tails from trees like monkeys) but they do have long, wet noses. While their thumbs and big toes are opposable, they mainly use their teeth and an extended "toilet claw" on the second toe of their hind feet for grooming.

The majority of lemurs are also diurnal, awake during the day and asleep at night - especially those that live in groups, including the ring-tailed lemurs and brown lemurs. "All of our brown lemurs share a habitat with our ring-tailed lemurs. Mixed species sharing a habitat can be a great form of socialization because it adds a different social dynamic to the troop," Chavez explained. "Our lemurs are extremely social, so much so that you often see them huddled together in a 'lemur ball.'"

Speaking of social dynamic, another remarkable thing about lemurs is most species live in a matriarchal society-one dominant female leads the group, controls their movement, and has first choice of mates and food.

And don't let their size fool you-while their brain mass might be small, they are extremely intelligent, Chavez said. "I have found that our lemurs can recognize sequences and patterns sometimes faster than the great apes. For example, when given food enrichment puzzles, they use problem solving skills to determine what lever releases which treat, and they always go for the lever that releases the fruit treat first."

The lemurs also seem to have figured out when food enrichment days are-their level of excitement and activity amped on those days before the treats were passed out.

"So now we mix it up and change the days we do food enrichment, because we can't have anything predictable," Chavez explained. "We always have to change it up, because lemurs would receive change every day in the wild."

In the wild is where lemurs belong, says Chavez, and it's a message she wants people to hear loud and clear. Of the eight brown lemurs at PPI three were released from behavioral research labs and five were rescued from the exotic pet trade. They are the least expensive lemur to purchase making them susceptible to the exotic pet trade.

"Sometimes movies can lead to the wrong message. People watch movies and cartoons and think, 'Oh lemurs are cute and cuddly, and I want a lemur.' People have to understand they are wild animals that belong in the wild. They don't like to 'move it' 'move it' in your living room like King Julien in the cartoon," Chavez said.

"We have a ring-tailed lemur named Jiggy, who was kept as a pet and released to the sanctuary two years ago, and he is struggling a bit. We have not been able to introduce him to a social group because he doesn't know how to speak their language at all. He was older, almost 4 when he arrived, so he's having a hard time picking up on primate behavior and language. Primates are so hurt socially and neurologically from being kept as pets."

Fortunately, thanks to the loving staff, nutritious diets and large 40-foot habitats that mimic the wild as much as possible, most of the lemurs at PPI are thriving physically and socially-one of our larger ring-tailed lemur groups includes 11 lemurs.
Primarily Primates Welcomes Rhesus Macaque, Carter
by Nicole Rivard
Animals typically arrive at Primarily Primates in Texas, the sanctuary Friends of Animals manages, with little fanfare, but "Carter the Monkey" is an exception. This rhesus macaque not only made headlines, but people could even follow his journey from Charlotte, N.C., to Primarily Primates (PPI) in early December on Facebook and on Twitter via his hashtag #travelmonkey.

Carter first garnered media attention in March of 2015 when he escaped the confines of his cage and his owner's car in the Carolina Medical Center-University parking lot in Charlotte. He then bit a hospital employee who was trying to capture him and remained on the loose. The following day Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department's Animal Care & Control Division officers were able to capture Carter, and he was kept in isolation so he could be tested for contagious diseases.

Carter's owner, Nyeshia Miller, was charged with misdemeanor possession of an animal who is illegal to own in Mecklenburg County, N.C. In August of 2015, she surrendered her ownership rights in court in exchange for having the charge dropped. North Carolina is one of five states that has no law that bans exotic animals such as Carter. But Mecklenburg County, like about half the counties in the state, does have exotic animal laws.

While residing at the Animal Control, Carter chose kennel attendant Leslie Wright as his best friend and caretaker. Although Wright was his main caretaker, it took a team of dedicated staff and multiple organizations and a lot of financial support to find a permanent home for Carter, including a $6,000 grant from Bob Barker's DJ&T Foundation. The money was used by PPI for materials to construct Carter his very own green space habitat that is complete with a heated bedroom and a barrel airplane to play with.

"He loves his airplane in his green space," said Brooke Chavez, executive director of PPI. "He will bring a little toy up there with him and just sit inside the airplane with it. If you don't know he's in there, when you are walking by it looks like the airplane is taking off because he's shaking it. It's funny." Before Wright and another AC&C staff member began driving Carter to PPI back in December, they made sure they fulfilled Carter's travel requests: bananas, fresh water and his portable DVD player so he could watch his favorite movie Ice Age during his trip. Carter has also taken a liking to oatmeal with dinosaur shaped fruit in it.

He is being slowly introduced to a female companion, another rhesus macaque named Tori. Interestingly, Tori also lived in North Carolina as a pet monkey and found sanctuary at PPI in March of 2015. As Carter's story was unfolding, so too was an effort to tighten North Carolina exotic animal ownership laws.

North Carolina, Alabama, Nevada, South Carolina and Wisconsin are the states that have no license or permit requirements or have no state statute governing private possession of exotic animals. "Primates are wild animals. They belong in the wild," added Chavez. Kudos to the 19 states that have an outright ban on private ownership of exotic animals, including large cats, wolves, bears, reptiles and most non-human primates: Alaska, California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and Washington.
Three Wild Horses Find Sanctuary at PPI

It's the end of October of 2015, and after two weeks at Primarily Primates (PPI) one-year-old Appaloosa colt Comanche pricks his ears forward and stretches his neck as far as he can, extending his muzzle just far enough so you can kiss it. But it takes another several days before the wild horse will allow anyone to stroke his neck without shivering with anxiety and jumping back. He sticks close to the side of Bindi, who, like Comanche, was ripped from her home on the Dann Sister's tribal lands in Antelope Valley, Nevada, at the end of 2014.

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has been pimping out that land to gold mining companies. Unlike Comanche, Bindi, a 1 ½-year-old bay filly, welcomes human touch and grooming. She has established herself as the leader of this two-horse band, and she displays it through some food aggression and her hesitation to embrace Moxie, the three-month-old wild foal Friends of Animals (FoA), which manages PPI, also adopted after she was orphaned by the BLM's horrific roundup of 167 horses in the West Douglas Herd Management area of Colorado in the summer of 2015.

Who can blame these wild horses for being unsure about themselves and humans? Roundups rip these youngsters from their societies-where they would have received discipline and help finding their way in life.While losing her family was devastating-her mom and band stallion outran the helicopters-at least Moxie's life was spared during the roundup. Another wild foal was killed by the BLM after it broke its leg fleeing from helicopters, and an older wild horse suffered a broken neck after it fell while being loaded onto a trailer headed for BLM holding prisons and was trampled by another wild horse.

In September of last year FoA filed a lawsuit against the BLM and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell to halt further - devastating assaults against wild horses in northwest Colorado. According to the lawsuit, the intricate physiological events - that occur during a wild horses fight or flight reaction to a helicopter round up suggest that these are assaults against wild - horses and are not humane as the BLM maintains, thus violating the Wild Horse and Burro Act of 1971. The presence and free spiritedness of Comanche, Bindi and Moxie at Primarily Primates is a constant source of inspiration for FoA's work going forward.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Winter 2015 Newsletter | Primarily Primates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
While ring-tailed lemurs have gained exposure through movies like IMAX's Island of Lemurs: Madagascar and the animated kids film Madagascar starring King Julien, what may come as a surprise is there are actually more than 90 species of lemurs.

# data[].attributes.body
What makes a primate a primate?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of the important things to know as we ask "what makes a primate a primate" is that the primate characteristics we see are all built on mammal characteristics. All primates are mammals. This means that based on what we know about mammals, we can assume some basic things about how primates are put together, how they function, and what they do.

# data[].attributes.body
Catarrhine or old world monkey

# data[].attributes.body
Merck Vet Manual - Primates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A number of herpesviruses affect nonhuman primates; many exist as latent or subclinical infections in reservoir hosts but cause severe disease or death when transmitted naturally to other hosts. All macaques are considered to be potential shedders of Cercopithecine herpesvirus type 1 (Herpesvirus simiae, B virus). The infection is generally subclinical or mild (conjunctivitis or oral vesicles) in Macaca spp but usually causes a fatal encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in people. Transmission may occur via a bite, scratch, or contamination of a superficial wound or mucous membranes (eg, conjunctiva) with infectious saliva, conjunctival secretion, or genitourinary secretions. Human fatalities due to B virus encephalitis illustrate the importance of using appropriate precautions and personal protective equipment to prevent direct or indirect contact with macaque secretions and body fluids. Captive-born and raised animals should still be screened when first presented in a clinical setting and subsequently every year afterward in a private facility.

Saimiriine herpesvirus type 1 (herpesvirus T) causes mild herpetic lingual ulcers and stomatitis in squirrel monkeys, but fatal epizootics have followed natural transmission to owl monkeys and marmosets. The human herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, causes a mild infection in people and certain other primates, but owl monkeys, gibbons, capuchins, and tree shrews ( Tupaia glis) are highly susceptible and may die; signs may include ulcerations of the mucous membrane or skin, conjunctivitis, meningitis, or encephalitis. Human caretakers with oral lesions should be replaced until the infection regresses, and any interaction with the public should be discouraged.

Naturally occurring, clinically silent infections of hepatitis A virus (enterically transmitted hepatitis virus) have been seen in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) and monkeys. Increased AST and ALT values are of diagnostic significance in nonhuman primates. Human infections have been contracted from chimpanzees.

Because some vaccines are not available to protect nonhuman primate colony personnel or the primates against herpes and some viral hepatitis infections, exposure should be prevented. This is best accomplished by carefully training personnel in the handling of nonhuman primates, using personal protective equipment (clothing, face masks, goggles or shields, and gloves), separating primates in species-specific rooms, and paying strict attention to hygienic standards. In private facilities, prescreening the primates by serologic and PCR testing is recommended.

Several other viruses commonly produce clinical disease in newly imported primates. Rubeola infection (measles) acquired via human contact can assume epizootic proportions. The virus causes a nonpruritic, exanthematous rash on the face, chest, and lower portions of the body; it may also cause interstitial giant-cell pneumonia, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and, particularly in New World monkeys, gastroenteritis. Marmosets are extremely susceptible, and children, especially, should not be encouraged to interact with this species. There is no specific treatment. Vaccination of infant rhesus monkeys and other macaques with human measles vaccine is recommended. Modified-live measles vaccine can cause disease in marmosets and is not recommended. Monkeypox and other poxvirus infections may be seen in primate colonies. Monkeypox is a reportable, zoonotic disease characterized by a maculopapular rash and variolous pustules (see Zoonotic Diseases). Affected monkeys usually survive; after recovery, they are immune to challenge.

Immunosuppressive disease in nonhuman primates may be caused by a number of retroviruses, including several orthoretroviruses formerly called type C and type D oncornaviruses, and several simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). The SIVs are lentiviruses closely related to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. Unique isolates have been found in different species of nonhuman primates. SIVs are of low pathogenicity in the natural hosts, African species, and infections are often clinically silent but may cause devastating disease similar to AIDS in macaques after cross-species transmission. SIV has been demonstrated to infect people, although the longterm consequences of infection are unknown. Infection with orthoretroviruses in the genus Betaretrovirus (formerly the type D retroviruses SRV, 5 serotypes) may cause an immunodeficiency predisposing to a complex of diseases such as fibromatosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, intestinal cryptosporidiosis, pneumocystic pneumonia, disseminated cytomegalovirus infection, and candidiasis in colonies of macaques. Infection with oncornaviruses in the genus Deltaretrovirus (formerly type C retrovirus) results primarily in lymphoproliferative disease, and rarely T-cell lymphoma, in Old World monkeys and apes. There is great host-interspecies variation in clinical signs and susceptibility from virus to virus. Transmission between nonhuman primates is via direct or indirect contact with infected blood and other body fluids or from dam to offspring.

Hemorrhagic viral zoonoses, such as Ebola, Marburg, and mosquitoborne yellow fever, are risks with wild-caught animals. An important differential diagnosis for these zoonoses is simian hemorrhagic fever. This Arterivirus infection is subclinical in African monkeys but is highly contagious and fatal for Asian species. Hemorrhagic necrosis of the proximal duodenum is a pathognomonic lesion. Captive populations that ultimately are housed in private facilities are a low risk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Viral Diseases of Nonhuman Primates - Exotic and Laboratory Animals - Merck Veterinary Manual

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A number of herpesviruses affect nonhuman primates; many exist as latent or subclinical infections in reservoir hosts but cause severe disease or death when transmitted naturally to other hosts. All macaques are considered to be potential shedders of Cercopithecine herpesvirus type 1 (Herpesvirus simiae, B virus).

# data[].attributes.body
Cites.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CITES is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

# data[].attributes.body
New world vs Old world

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New World - Old World Monkey Comparisons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Monkeys flourish in the tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America, Asia and Africa. Monkeys also are found in regions outside of the tropics in both Africa and Asia (but never in the Americas). Although monkeys everywhere have similar external appearances, a closer look reveals unique and distinctive differences between the American and Old world monkeys.