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release hormones into bloodstream

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1) Sensory neurone

receptor neurone

transmits nerve impulses from sense organs/receptors to the central nervous system across a synapse

2) Relay neurone

Intermediate neruone

Transmits nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone across a synapse

Are found within the central nervous system

3) Motor neurone

Effector neurone

Transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors (muscles)

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transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors

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transmits nerve impulses from sensory Neurone to Motor Neurone

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transmits nerve impulses from the sense organs or receptors to the central nervous system

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insulin is secreted by the islets of langerhans and it increases the permeability of of body cells to glucose which increases the uptake of glucose by cells

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secreted by islets of Langerhans

increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose and the conversion of fats and amino acids into glucose

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Looking at near object:

ciliary muscles contract

suspensory ligaments slacken

lens become thicker and more convex

Looking at distant object:

ciliary muscles relax

suspensory ligaments taut

lens become thinner and less convex

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transmit nerve impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

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transmits nerve impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

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Decreases the blood glucose concentration

Makes cell membranes more permeable to glucose, allowing more glucose to diffuse into the liver and muscle cells

Stimulates the liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose to glycogen for storage

Increases the use of glucose for respiration

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when glomerular filtrate in the body increases, the body would lose more water and other useful substances. ADH causes the nephron will reabsorb some substances back into the body.

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increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys and therefore decreases amount of urine formed

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increases the permeability of the cell membrane to glucose. Glucose is absorbed more quickly by the cells

increases the rate of respiration

cause the liver and muscles yo convert excess glucose to glycogen. glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles

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the pupil reflex occurs under:

1. bright light

circular muscles of iris contracts

radial muscles of iris relax

pupil constricts, reducing amount of light entering the eye

2. dim light

circular muscles of iris relaxes

radial muscles of iris contracts

pupil dilates, increasing amount of light entering the eye

* circular muscles & radial muscles are antagonistic muscles

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dome shaped transparent layer continuous with the sclera/ white of the eye. it refracts or bends light rays into the eye and causes the greatest refraction of light into the eye

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transmits nerve impulses to the brain when the photoreceptors in the retina are stimulated.

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Ciliary muscles relax while suspensory ligaments get taut, pulling the lens. Lens become less convex and thinner. Light rays from far object focused on retina, photoreceptors get stimulated. Nerve impulses transmitted by optic nerve to the brain. The impulses is transmitted to the brain, allowing the person to see the distant object

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Regulates secretion of hormones

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1. light ray

2. receptors in the retina are stimulated

3. sensory neurone in the optic nerve transmits nerve impulses to the brain

4. relay neurone in the brain

5. motor neurone transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the iris

6. iris muscles (effector)

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Reflexed and the Reflex Arc (Hankun and Yiming)

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Reflexed and the Reflex Arc (Hankun and Yiming)

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Reflexes: involuntary actions that are controlled by the reflex centres

immediate/rapid

unconscious

automatic

Reflex classification:

1. Cranial (neck up) - brain controls

Ex: blinking

2. Spinal (neck down) - spinal cord controls

Ex: hand removed from hot object

Reflex Arc definition: The shortest pathway by which nerve impulses travel from receptor to effector in reflex action

Process:

1. Receptor/sense organ detects stimuli

2. Sensory neurone passes nerve impulse to brain/spinal cord

3. Relay neurones in brain/spinal cord transmit impulses

4. Motor neurones receive impulse from relay neurones, transmit to effector muscle

5. Effector muscle responds to stimuli

Example of reflex arc: hot object

1. receptors in skin stimulated by heat, nerve endings are stimulated and produce impulse

2. sensory neurone transmits impulse to spinal cord

3. In the spinal cord:

First synapse: sensory to relay

Second synapse: relay to motor

4. Motor neurones transmit impulse to biceps

5. Biceps muscles contract, hand withdraws suddenly

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maintenance of a constant internal temperature

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the light rays are refracted through the cornea onto the lens, the lens of the eye then causes further refraction an the rays are brought to a focus on the retina

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Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

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negative feedback (definition): when the body is disturbed, the disturbance stimulates events to restore the system to its original state

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Nervous pathway in pupil reflex (elizabeth)

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Nervous pathway in pupil reflex (elizabeth)

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effector -> muscles and glands

-> produces a specific response to detected stimulus

1. stimulus in the form of change in light intensity

2. is detected by photoreceptors in the retina

3. sensory neurone in the optic nerve transmits nerve impulses to the relay neurone in the brain

4. motor neurone transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the effector - iris.

In bright light,

circular muscles contract

radial muscles relax

pupil constricts - reducing the amount of light entering the eye

In dim light,

circular muscles relax

radial muscles contract

pupil dilates - increasing the amount of light entering the eye