# data[].attributes.body
Genocide of indigenous people begins with Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas.

# data[].attributes.body
First shipload of enslaved African people to American colonies arrives in Jamestown, Virginia.

# data[].attributes.body
1790: Naturalization Act restricts citizenship to "free white persons."

1798: Alien and Sedition Act: Allows the president to imprison or deport any non-citizen "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States."

# data[].attributes.body
Congress bans the importation of enslaved people into the U.S.

Southern states largely ignore the law.

# data[].attributes.body
Removal Act mandates the removal of Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River to "Indian Territory" in Oklahoma. Over 30,000 people die during forced migration, which the Cherokee remember as "The Trail of Tears."

# data[].attributes.body
Underground Railroad: Almost 100,000 enslaved people escape to the North on the Underground Railroad, with the help of free African Americans and white sympathizers who provide shelter and guidance. By 1850, Congress passes the Fugitive Slave Act, which penalizes anyone who helps an enslaved person escape to freedom.

# data[].attributes.body
Large wave of immigration begins due to Irish Potato Famine, crop failures in Germany, industrialization, and failed European revolutions.

# data[].attributes.body
Mexican-American War/Intervención Estadounidense en México: The U.S. invades Mexico for control of land and resources. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed in 1848, transferring over 55% of Mexican land to the U.S. Territory ceded includes present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. Mexican citizens living in this territory have the choice to gain U.S. citizenship within one year. Many forcibly lose their land.

# data[].attributes.body
From what I know from talking with my maternal grandfather, my ancestors are from a combination of Irish, German, Dutch,  Slovenian/Croatian decent. The Irish side immigrated in 1853 due to to the potato famine, the German side in 1856 due to political issues regarding land distribution, the Dutch in the 1870s and the Slovenian/Croatian side in the 1880s settling in Illinois where they had farmland.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act encourages many new European immigrants to move to the western U.S., taking over territory once inhabited and cared for by Native Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
1865: 13th Amendment outlaws slavery. The Ku Klux Klan is founded to maintain white supremacy through intimidation and violence.

1868: 14th Amendment grants equal protection rights.

1870: 15th Amendment grants African American men the right to vote.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese Exclusion Act is passed, barring most Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S.

# data[].attributes.headline
Danae McClure - Jewish Family Emigrated From the Soviet Union to the U.S. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Danae McClure - Jewish Family Emigrated From the Soviet Union to the U.S. 

# data[].attributes.body
My paternal side of the family emigrated to the United States from the Soviet Union (Odessa and Lithuania) sometime in the late 1800s (we think around 1880). Back then, the Soviet Union (Russia) was putting people in pogroms/labor camps and my family left for the U.S. in fear of persecution. To my knowledge, they arrived at Ellis Island in the late 1800s seeking a safer, and better life for their children (my great grandparents). According to my paternal family history, I am 4th generation American.

# data[].attributes.body
Spanish-American War: U.S. invades and occupies Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and other Spanish colonies in the Pacific Islands. Hawaii is annexed by force.

# data[].attributes.body
Around this time my grandmother’s family came to the US from Poland. She was the last of seven siblings and she was born here. -Jill

# data[].attributes.body
Great Migration: Over 1 million African Americans migrate from the South to the North to escape lynchings, Jim Crow laws, and economic hardship.

# data[].attributes.body
During the Mexican Revolution,  thousands migrate to the U.S. border.

# data[].attributes.body
Around this time, my mother's family came from Armenia.       - Monica

# data[].attributes.body
Ku Klux Klan grows in strength; Klan membership peaks in 1925 with over 5 million members.

# data[].attributes.body
Congress enacts a literacy requirement for immigrants. Mexicans are exempted from some anti-immigrant legislation so they can continue to provide labor for key industries.

# data[].attributes.body
Palmer Raids: Deportations and round ups of "aliens," anarchists, and communists (especially influential labor organizers from southern Europe and Latin America) increase.

# data[].attributes.body
The Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924 are established in response to growing anti-immigrant sentiment and to placate white supremicists. The acts establish a "national origins quota system" that favors immigration from Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
The U.S. government deports thousands of Mexicans, including many Mexican-American citizens, during the Great Depression.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tydings-McDuffie Act grants independence to the Philippines, limiting Filipino immigration to 50 persons per year. All Filipinos in the United States are reclassified as "aliens."

# data[].attributes.headline
My grandmother immigrated from Germany in 1939 with her family when she was 2 years old. They came to America to escape rising tensions due to the fact that they were members of a church not accepted by Hitler. They also had two children in their family who were disabled and had heard of disabled children being taken to hospitals and not returned to their families.

# data[].attributes.subject
My grandmother immigrated from Germany in 1939 with her family when she was 2 years old. They came to America to escape rising tensions due to the fact that they were members of a church not accepted by Hitler. They also had two children in their family who were disabled and had heard of disabled children being taken to hospitals and not returned to their families.

# data[].attributes.body
The Alien Registration Act requires registration and fingerprinting of "aliens" over 14 years of age.

# data[].attributes.body
Japanese Internment: Over 112,000 Japanese-Americans - most of them U.S. citizens - are placed in military internment camps during World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bracero Program brings in over 5 million temporary workers from Mexico, primarily to fill agricultural labor shortage during World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
1951 United Nations Refugee Convention is signed, defining rights of refugees, including protections for employment and welfare, on the issue of identity papers and travel documents. The Convention is later amended in 1967 to apply to all people who became refugees after 1951.

# data[].attributes.body
The McCarren Walter Act eliminates racial barriers to citizenship, but also tightens quotas for immigrants and allows for deportation on the basis of "subversive activities."

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Wetback targets Mexican-American communities, deporting over 3.8 suspected "illegal immigrants" to Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
This public mistreatment of Rosa Parks, along with other events, sparks the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

# data[].attributes.body
1961: Freedom Rides
1963: March on Washington
1964: The Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination in public accommodations and by employers.
1965: Voting Rights Act; Malcom X is assassinated.
1968: Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated.

# data[].attributes.body
A number of family members migrated to the US from Jamaica

# data[].attributes.body
Immigration and Nationality Act repeals the national origins quota system that favored European migration.

# data[].attributes.body
My father immigrated to the U.S. from South Korea as a young man in the early 70s, following two of his older sisters (one had come to the U.S. earlier for graduate school and the other had moved to Canada for work). South Korea was under a dictatorship at the time, and my dad had been caught with anti-government pamphlets when he was in high school. My grandmother thought he might do better in the U.S. where he didn't have a 'record.' After a decade or so, he went back to Korea to find a wife, met my mom, and she moved to the U.S. after she married him. My older sister and I were both born in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act allows refugees from Southeast Asia to the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
Sanctuary Movement: More than 250 churches provide refuge to Salvadoran and Guatemalan migrants.

# data[].attributes.body
Eldest sister migrated to the US from Jamaica.

# data[].attributes.body
The Immigration Reform and Control Act gives amnesty to approximately three million undocumented residents. The act also makes it illegal for employers to hire undocumented workers.

# data[].attributes.body
Congress removes homosexuality as a reason to disqualify foreigners from immigrating to or visiting the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
The U.S. government implements a blockade strategy on the U.S.-Mexico border, forcing migrants to cross through the desert. To this day, scores of migrants die every year attempting to cross the border.

The blockade strategy includes several two pieces of legislation: Operation Gatekeeper and Operation Hold the Line.

# data[].attributes.body
California voters pass Proposition 187, which prohibits providing public educational, welfare, and health services to undocumented immigrants. This proposition is later overturned as unconstitutional.

# data[].attributes.body
Several major bills are passed, including The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, which increases jailing of non-violent, non-criminal immigrants and allows for deportation based on minor crimes, resulting in the deportation of over 200,000 people. Welfare reform ends monetary and medical assistance for undocumented immigrants.

# data[].attributes.body
The September 11th attacks set the stage for "national security" based immigration policy. Congress passes the PATRIOT Act, which gives the federal government broad powers to detain suspected "terrorists" for unlimited periods of time, without access to legal representation. Over 1,200 Arab, Muslim, and South Asian men are detained in secret.

# data[].attributes.body
Migrated to the US from Jamaica (British colony)  as a resident and also for studies. Ancestral great and grandparents - West African (Igbo & Maroon tribes), Irish (Sands- paternal), German (Schloss - maternal), Scottish (Sinclair & South - maternal and paternal)

# data[].attributes.body
Secure Communities (S-Comm) was first used in 2008 by the Department of Homeland Security to locate deportable immigrants who were in state or local jails. Under the Obama administration, the program was expanded and has resulted in tens of thousands of deportations. While S-Comm was described as targeting dangerous criminals, the majority of non-citizens targeted through the program committed minor offenses or had no criminal convictions. While Obama discontinued S-Comm, the Trump administration reinstated it in 2017.

# data[].attributes.body
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) was a policy announced by the Obama administration on June 15, 2012, which certain individuals without immigration status would be granted a two-year renewable deferral of deportation action and permission to work in the U.S. The program enrolled nearly 700,000 individuals. The Trump administration attempted to end the DACA program but the Supreme Court ruled that the manner in which it ended the program violated the Administrative Procedures Act.

# data[].attributes.body
Within a week of taking office, Donald Trump imposed a ban on migration from seven predominantly Muslim and suspended all refugee admissions. The administration revised this "Muslim Travel Ban" slightly during legal challenges. In 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the Travel Ban. It has subsequently been expanded to ban migration from several African countries.

# data[].attributes.body
In April 2018, the Trump Administration began a policy called "Zero Tolerance," in which it arrested and prosecuted all immigrants arriving on the Southern Border, including asylum seekers. As a result of this policy, over 4000 children were taken away from their parents and put into Department of Health and Human Services custody. This Child Separation Policy was intended to deter future migrants.