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Discover stories of encounters between two great voyaging traditions, Te Moana-nui-ā-Kiwa (Pacific) and European, which led to the formation of a new nation.

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Te nohonoho mai o te Pākehā ki Aotearoa | European settlement

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Te nohonoho mai o te Pākehā ki Aotearoa | European settlement

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The impact of European settlement in NZ included new plants and animals and new industries like gold mining. Missionaries also came to spread God's word.

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Ngā tūtakitanga tuatahi | First encounters

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Ngā tūtakitanga tuatahi | First encounters

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Turanganui-a-Kiwa

Ko te tangata whenua o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa te iwi tuatahi kia kite i te Endeavour i tāna terenga mai ki te whanga i te 8 o Whiringa-ā-nuku/Oketopa 1769. E ai ki ngā kōrero a ētahi, i pēnei te iwi Māori i kite i te waka tino rerekē e haere mai ana i tawhiti he moutere e tere ana i te moana, ko te manu e mōhiotia nei ko Ruakapanga mai i Hawaiki rānei.

I taua ahiahi i mahuta atu a Rūtene Kuki me ētahi atu ki te ākau, ki te tiki wai, me ētahi taputapu mō te kaipuke. I taua rā, me te rā o muri mai, i tūtaki te Endeavour ki te tangata whenua. Nā Tupaia te iwi Māori rāua ko te iwi Pakehā i āwhina ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Engari i tutū te puehu, ā, i matemate ētahi tāngata Māori, tae atu ki te rangatira o Ngāti Oneone, ki a Te Maro, rāua ko te rangatira o Rongowhakaata, a Te Rākau.

I muri i ēnei tūtakitanga, i ahu whaka-te-tonga te Endeavour. Kātahi ka huri whakararo anō mā Whangaokena, tae atu ki Te Reinga, piki whakarunga anō ki te tai hauāuru ki Tōtaranui (Queen Charlotte Sound). I a ia e tere ana, ka tū te Endeavour ki Uawa (Tolaga Bay), ki Te Whanganui-o-Hei (Mercury Bay) me te Pēwhairangi (Bay of Islands).

Gisborne

The tangata whenua of Turanganui-a-Kiwa were the first to see the Endeavour when it sailed into the bay on 8 October 1769. Some say that when Māori saw the strange vessel approaching from afar, they thought it was a floating island or the legendary bird Ruakapanga from Hawaiki.

In the afternoon, Lieutenant Cook and others went ashore to get water and supplies. On that day and the next, the crew of the Endeavour met tangata whenua (local Māori people). Tupaia helped the Māori and Europeans communicate. But fights broke out, and several Māori died, including Ngāti Oneone leader Te Maro, and Rongowhakaata chief Te Rakau.

After these encounters, the Endeavour sailed south. It then turned north around East Cape, Cape Reinga, and down the west coast of the North Island to Tōtaranui in Queen Charlotte Sound. Along the way, the Endeavour anchored at Uawa (Tolaga Bay), Te Whanganui-o-Hei (Mercury Bay) and Pēwhairangai (Bay of Islands).

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Ko te tangata whenua o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa te iwi tuatahi kia kite i te Endeavour i tāna terenga mai ki te whanga i te 8 o Whiringa-ā-nuku/Oketopa 1769. E ai ki ngā kōrero a ētahi, i pēnei te iwi Māori i kite i te waka tino rerekē e haere mai ana i tawhiti he moutere e tere ana i te moana, ko te manu e mōhiotia nei ko Ruakapanga mai i Hawaiki rānei.

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He wai kōhua ārai mate hapa huaora C (scurvy)

I paeratia ngā pire kukūtanga pīwhi pēnei i ēnei ki te parāoa pī (pea flour), kātahi ka whāngaia ki ngā heremana i te Endeavour hei ārai i te mate hapa huaora C. Te take o tēnei mahi patu tangata ko te korenga huaora C i roto i ngā kai.

E ai ki a Kuki he āwhina nui te wai kōhua rā - hoi anō ko ngā huarākau me ngā rau otaota i kainga e ngā heremana i tēnā wā, i tēnā wā te tino pūtake i ora ai te hunga nei.

Kāore ngā kaihōrapa iwi taketake o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i mate i te mate hapa huaora C. He kai mātaitai mata tonu rātou, he kai hua rākau, hua whenua kua oti te rokiroki, ā, he pūtake katoa ēnei mō te huaora C.

Anti-scurvy soup

Beef-stock tablets like this were boiled up with pea flour and fed to sailors on the Endeavour to prevent scurvy. This deadly illness was caused by a lack of vitamin C.

Cook thought the soup helped - but it was probably the fresh fruit and greens the crew sometimes ate that saved them.

Polynesian explorers didn't suffer from scurvy. They ate fresh seafood, and preserved fruit and vegetables - great sources of vitamin C.

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I paeratia ngā pire kukūtanga pīwhi pēnei i ēnei ki te parāoa pī (pea flour), kātahi ka whāngaia ki ngā heremana i te Endeavour hei ārai i te mate hapa huaora C. Te take o tēnei mahi patu tangata ko te korenga huaora C i roto i ngā kai.

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Aotearoa History Podcast: Early encounters

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Aotearoa History Podcast: Early encounters

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In part three, Tasman and then Cook visit and before long Europeans come to stay. Muskets, missionaries and international trade change the country as two cultures seek to make sense of each other.
Or WATCH a video version of the show!
Topics covered

Tasman's voyage to Aotearoa/New Zealand and his interaction with Māori.

James Cook's voyages to Aotearoa/New Zealand. Including the role played by Tupaia, violence between his expedition and Māori as well as the wider forces behind his journey and how it paved the way for colonisation.

Early Pākehā settlers and how they interacted with Māori.

The Musket Wars and their impact on Māori people.

The role of early missionaries in the musket wars, their attempts to convert Māori and suppress elements of Māori culture.

If you missed the start of the series, you can watch episode one here.

See terms of use.

Recent stories from The Aotearoa History Show

Podcast (MP3) Oggcast (Vorbis)

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Abel Tasman and James Cook's first contacts with Māori were complex and sometimes violent. Europeans brought new technologies, food and ideas, such as muskets, potatoes and Christianity. In some cases this worked out well for Tangata Whenua - but in other cases it was devastating.

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A set of information and more links about the early meeting of Pākehā and Māori

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First encounters

The first encounters between Māori and Europeans were important and set the tone for future relationships. These websites are a good place to find information about what happened.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa. If we scroll down to the bottom of the page we can see that the website belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage, so the information is well-researched and reliable.

Tips: We like sites that are from government or other reputable organisations, because we can trust the information. You can sometimes tell these sites by their web address - they might have .govt or .edu in their address - or by looking at their or Contact pages.

This is the Ministry for Culture & Heritage website to commemorate the 250 years since the first visit of James Cook to Aotearoa (New Zealand).

Select Learn from the top of the page, then go to Encounters in 1769.

Look at Encounters in 1769 from the NZ History website to discover stories about the first meetings between Māori and Pākehā.

Look at Cooks place names to find out about place names around Aotearoa New Zealand related to Cook.

Tips: Many web pages have links to further information or to other recommended sites. Following these links is a great way to find out more. This searching method is called "pearl growing" because you are picking up pieces of sand to make a beautiful pearl!

This website is managed by Nelson Public Libraries and has historical and cultural stories from Nelson, Marlborough and Tasman. It has an article with an overview of what took place.

Tips: Websites that have .org or .net in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the organisation's mission and values are.

The British Broadcasting site has many useful educational pages.

Tips: Websites that have .com or .co in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the company's mission and values are.

Impacts on society

The websites below have information on the impact European explorers and settlers, and people like whalers, traders and missionaries had on Māori and their land, beliefs, culture and technology.

Te Ara also has excellent information about the impacts of colonisation on society.

Scroll down to Sections and select New Zealand in Brief.

Look at the story Māori.

The sections The arrival of Europeans, Decline and revival, and Urbanisation and renaissance has information about the impacts of colonisation on Māori.

Enter keywords such as 'colonisation impacts' or 'colonisation effects' into the search bar to see what other articles you can find.

Tips: Search words, or keywords, are the most important words in our question. Usually it's better to leave out small words like 'the', 'a' and 'of' and just choose the main ones, e.g [Colonisation impacts]. We can always change our keywords or add more if we need to.

New Zealand's public radio service on news, current affairs, Pacific, Te Ao Māori, sport and more has useful information on New Zealand history.

Go to the tab called Podcasts & Series.

Select the series on The Aotearoa History Show.

Scroll down to the podcast on Early Encounters about the impact Europeans had on Māori food, culture, technology, weapons and conflict.

Books

There have been some excellent books written about the impact of European exploration on Māori. Check out your local public library or school library for titles like these:
SCIS no: 1896614

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The first encounters between Māori and Europeans were important and set the tone for future relationships. These websites are a good place to find information about what happened. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa.

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Images and other resources from Topic Explorer on first encounters and Cook's landings.

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New Zealand had already been discovered by the time Europeans first saw the Pacific. Polynesian navigators had reached New Zealand probably in the 13th century.

Abel Tasman

Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailed the Pacific Ocean in the 1500s, but it was probably not until 1642 that a European sighted New Zealand. In that year the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sailed in search of a vast southern continent, which many Europeans thought might exist in the South Pacific. Dutch merchants hoped this land would offer new opportunities for trade. Tasman first saw New Zealand on 13 December 1642, but after a bloody encounter with Māori in Golden Bay, he left without going ashore.

Shortly afterwards, a Dutch map maker gave the name Nieuw Zeeland to the land Tasman had discovered.

James Cook

The English navigator Captain James Cook sighted New Zealand on 6 October 1769, and landed at Poverty Bay two days later. He drew detailed and accurate maps of the country, and wrote about the Māori people. His first encounter with Māori was not successful - a fight broke out in which some Māori were killed. However, after this Cook and his men had friendly contact with Māori.

The naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, who sailed with Cook, gathered a great deal of information about the country's plants and animals. Their records formed the foundation for the modern study of New Zealand botany.

On two later voyages, Captain Cook used New Zealand as a base to prove that a great southern continent did not exist in the Pacific.

After Cook

Several other explorers, many of them French, visited New Zealand in the years after Cook's first visit. The most important of these was Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville. He sailed through the dangerous French Pass in the Marlborough Sounds and investigated the east coast of the North Island.

Another French explorer who reached New Zealand was Marc Joseph Marion du Fresne. His ships anchored in the Bay of Islands in mid-1772. But Māori tribal groups in the area were at war, and the presence of the French made matters worse. Marion du Fresne and 24 others were killed.

Later discoveries about New Zealand's geography were made by the sealers, whalers and missionaries who visited during the 1800s.

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European discovery of New Zealand - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand

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In their search for the vast 'terra australis incognita' (the unknown southern land) thought to lie in the Pacific, explorers made daring journeys across uncharted waters. They did not find the fabled continent, but they did find New Zealand. First sighted by the Dutch ...

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Curiosity Card from National Library. Includes link to further information about this image by Tupaia.

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Where they came from

These New Zealand websites have the best information on where early settlers came from and their journeys to Aotearoa New Zealand.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa. If we scroll down to the bottom of the page we can see that the website belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage, so the information is well-researched and reliable.

Scroll down to Sections

Choose New Zealand Peoples, then select Origins and arrivals.

Choose New Zealand Peoples, the link Peoples will link to early settlers such as French, Dutch, Irish, Dalmatians and Welsh.

Choose the section New Zealand in brief, then select History.

Tips: We like sites that are from government or other reputable organisations, because we can trust the information. You can sometimes tell these sites by their web address - they might have .govt or .edu in their address - or by looking at their or Contact pages.

NZHistory is a great website for information about New Zealand Aotearoa. If we go all the way down the page we can see that the website belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage, so the information is well-researched and reliable.

Tips: Remember to explore 'Further information' found on each of these pages as they link to other websites that have related information.

Topic Explorer is an online tool from the National Library of New Zealand. It contains a wide range of quality resources for students in a range of formats. These resources have been selected from reliable national and international sources.

Tips: We like these links because they have all been chosen by librarians, so the sites will be trustworthy. It is a good idea to find the About us link on each site, to see what the site's missions and values are.

Early settler life

There was a lot of work to do in early colonial New Zealand. Land had to be cleared to build communities and for farming. The following websites have information about daily life in 19th century New Zealand.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Te Ara also has information about the daily life of early settlers in New Zealand.

Scroll down to the section Daily life, sport and recreation.

Then select Home and daily life.

Explore the stories here to understand different aspects of early settler life in New Zealand.

Go to the section Settled Landscape.

The section Social Connections has information about religion which was a core part of people's lives and their identities.
Explore the link Religion to explore the beginning of different Christian churches in New Zealand.

Tips: Many web pages have links to further information or to other recommended sites. Following these links is a great way to find out more. This searching method is called "pearl growing" because you are picking up pieces of sand to make a beautiful pearl!

DigitalNZ is a search site that focuses on New Zealand history and brings together results from lots of different New Zealand libraries, museums, universities and government sites all at once. It is a good source of primary sources.

Type search words 'early settlers' into the search box.

The results are grouped into images, audio, videos, and stories.

The tab More will lead to newspapers, articles and research papers.

Tips: Search words, or keywords, are the most important words in our question. Usually it's better to leave out small words like 'the', 'a' and 'of' and just choose the main ones, eg [early settlers]. We can always change our keywords or add more if we need to.

You can read newspaper articles from the early days of European settlement on PapersPast, a website for digitised New Zealand newspapers.

Go to the tab called Newspapers.

Explore newspapers By Region and choose a region eg Auckland.

A list of the newspapers will appear alphabetically showing dates of publication from First year to Last year eg Albertland Gazette started in 1862.

Tips: Paperspast has other useful sections. Explore Magazines and journals, Letters and Diaries, and Parliamentary Papers for different types of primary sources.

Economy

Whaling, farming, logging and gold mining were some of the first occupations that contributed to the economy and the setting up of communities.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Different sections on Te Ara will lead you to different aspects of what helped the economy in colonial New Zealand.

Tips: Te Ara has lots of information on this topic. We recommend you explore other sections to expand your understanding of this topic.
Te Papa Tongarewa: Museum of New Zealand
Te Papa has lots of collections that help illustrate early settler life. One long running exhibition is their Passports collection.

Under Related content select a topic to read about the object.

Whale harpoon gives an overview of whaling in New Zealand.

New Zealand gold nuggets looks at the gold rush in New Zealand.

Tips: We like sites like this because they're reliable. You can tell because of their web address - they have either .govt or .ac, meaning they are from government organisations. They're also New Zealand sites, so relevant for us.

Politics and Government

The websites below are the best places to look for how early settlers went about setting up a government in New Zealand.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Te Ara has a good section on the history and role government in New Zealand.

NZHistory is another reliable source of New Zealand politics, including history.

Interaction with Māori

Have a look through these links for information about interactions between Māori, the tangata whenua, and European settlers.

NZHistory has a section on Culture and Society that explores Māori and early settler interactions.

Pre-1840 contact has a link to Encounters that has lots of details about first meetings between people, and

the link to A frontier of chaos? is about Māori values and practices that guided their responses to early Europeans.

Under Decade studies look at A history of New Zealand 1769-1914 to read about the Musket Wars, the New Zealand Wars, and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

Under Sections find New Zealand in brief , then select Māori to find out about Māori before and after Europeans arrived in New Zealand.

The Settled Landscape section has a link to Claiming the Land - which is about how the settlers took over land owned by Māori.

Books

Here are some books to look for in your public library or school library:

Ask your local librarian for more suggestions, especially for books that tell you about the early history of your local area.
SCIS no: 1875659

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These New Zealand websites have the best information on where early settlers came from and their journeys to Aotearoa New Zealand. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa.

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From Many Answers: information and further links to Captain Cook and his voyages

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'Soldier Asleep in a Whare, Being Watched Over by a Maori Woman' by D.S. Ref: A-113-034 Alexander Turnbull Library. Some rights reserved.

Topic Explorer sets

These sets contain quality, curated resources - websites, images, videos, books, and more - to support and inspire inquiry. Each topic features a carefully selected set of national and international resources from trustworthy and reliable, national and international sources (e.g. Alexander Turnbull Library, Te Ara, National Geographic, and the BBC).

The following topic sets relate to first encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa New Zealand:

He Tohu activities and resources

He Tohu is a permanent exhibition of 3 iconic constitutional documents that shape Aotearoa New Zealand:

The following activities and resources will inspire students to understand stories and actions from the past.

Learning activities

Videos

Curiosity cards

Curiosity cards use images and fertile questions to spark student inquiry about Aotearoa New Zealand.

Curiosity cards that relate to first encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa New Zealand include:

Many Answers and AnyQuestions

Many Answers entries are designed to guide students to reliable and trustworthy websites. The following entries will help them find information on first encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa New Zealand:

AnyQuestions

AnyQuestions offers free online help for all New Zealand school students from 1pm to 6pm weekdays during the school year.

Students can log in to the website and chat with librarians who are specially trained to help them find answers to questions related to topics such as New Zealand history. Librarians develop students' ability to source and critically evaluate quality online information sources. Teachers can also book classroom sessions.

Lending service

Borrow books from our lending service - we have an extensive collection of picture books, fiction, and non-fiction to support and expand student inquiry into first encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa New Zealand.

Some popular titles related to this topic include:

'Abel Tasman: Mapping the Southern Lands' by Maria Gill, 2017.

'The Adventures of Tupaia' by Meredith, Courtney Sina, and Mat Tait, 2019.

'Beyond the Imperial Frontier: The Contest for Colonial New Zealand' by Vincent O'Malley, 2014.

'The Coming of the Pākehā' by John Lockyer, 2008.

'Cook's Cook: The Cook Who Cooked for Captain Cook' by Gavin Bishop, 2018.

'Explore! Aotearoa' by Bronwen Wall, 2017.

'Face to Face: Two Cultures Meet in Aotearoa' by Terri Kessell, 2009.

'Horeta and the Waka' by Gordon Campbell, 2007.

'The House That Jack Built' by Gavin Bishop, 2012.

'The Musket Wars: A History of Inter-iwi Conflict, 1806-1845' by R.D. Crosby, 2017.

'Pakeha Settlements in a Maori World: New Zealand Archaeology 1769-1860' by Ian Smith, 2019.

'Tangata Whenua - Face to Face: Two Cultures Meet in Aotearoa' by Terri Kessell, 2009.

'Te Pakiwaitara O Cape Kidnappers / The Story of Cape Kidnappers' Re-told by Patrick Sherratt With Te Mata Kindergarten, 2013.

Other National Library tools and resources

The following tools and resources can also help you find resources to capture student interest and build their understanding of Aotearoa New Zealand history.

EPIC - gives your school free access to thousands of online resources, including magazines, journals, newspapers, biographies, reference works, images, eBooks, and multimedia. Note that you may need a school login. Some EPIC resources invaluable for Aotearoa New Zealand history studies include:

DigitalNZ - find, curate, and share content from New Zealand libraries, museums, galleries, media, and more. Content includes historic and contemporary items such as photographs, paintings, posters, and videos.

Papers Past - search and browse digitised New Zealand historical newspapers (including some in te reo Māori), magazines, journals, letters, diaries, and parliamentary papers.

INNZ - Index New Zealand is a searchable database that contains abstracts and descriptions of articles from New Zealand magazines and newspapers published from the 1950s to the present day.

Primary sources - how to use them - primary sources are original, firsthand, often unedited records of an event. They are a powerful teaching and learning tool. Find out where to find quality, trusted primary sources, and how to use them effectively.

Archives New Zealand

These albums from Archives New Zealand's Flickr account contain digitised records and photos about first encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa New Zealand:

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First encounters and early colonial history of Aotearoa NZ

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These sets contain quality, curated resources - websites, images, videos, books, and more - to support and inspire inquiry. Each topic features a carefully selected set of national and international resources from trustworthy and reliable, national and international sources (e.g. Alexander Turnbull Library, Te Ara, National Geographic, and the BBC).

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These New Zealand-based websites provide an excellent overview of the Māori people - their origins, influences, leaders, heroes, and landmark events in their history.
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa. If we scroll down to the bottom of the page we can see that the website belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage, so the information is well-researched and reliable.

There are many ways to explore this website.

Scroll down the page to Māori New Zealanders to read about Māori iwi (tribes), and origins and arrivals by various waka(canoes).

Use the section called Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies to search for life stories of important people in Māori history like Whina Cooper or Peter Buck.

You can also use the search box to look for information on significant events such as the New Zealand Warsor historic regions like the Taranaki region.

Tips: We like sites like this because they're reliable. You can tell because of their web address - they have either .govt or .ac, meaning they are from government or educational organisations. They're also New Zealand sites, so relevant for us.

NZHistory is another great website for information about New Zealand Aotearoa. This website also belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage.

You can search this site using the search box or use the tabs to guide you to various aspects of Māori history.

Tips: A website's address (URL) can give you a hint about how reliable it is. Look for addresses in the results that include .govt or .edu in the URL. These are quality sites from overseas government or educational organisations.
Treaty of Waitangi Collection
The Treaty of Waitangi Collection provides access to a range of full text e-books. It is part of the EPIC collection of databases which contain reliable information for New Zealand students.

Tips: To get to the EPIC resources you will need a password from your school librarian first. Or you can chat with one of our AnyQuestions librarians between 1 and 6 pm Monday to Friday and they will help you online. Some EPIC databases may also be available through your public library.

Topic Explorer is an online tool from the National Library of New Zealand. It contains a wide range of quality resources for students selected from reliable national and international sources.

Tips: We like sites like this because they're reliable. You can tell because of their web address - they have either .govt or .ac, meaning they are from government or educational organisations. They're also New Zealand sites, so relevant for us.

NZ On Screen is an online showcase of New Zealand television, film and music videos on news, current affairs, sport and various other categories.

Tips: Websites that have .com or .co in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the About us link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the company's mission and values are.

Primary sources

Primary sources are things like letters, photos, interviews, video clips and newspaper articles, that show what life was like at that particular time in history.

DigitalNZ is a search site that focuses on all things New Zealand. It connects you to reliable digital collections from New Zealand libraries, museums, galleries, government departments, media and community groups.

Try searching for 'Hikoi' (Māori marches or protests) to find images, audio, videos and stories on this topics.

The tab More connects you to articles, newspapers, research papers, and websites etc for you to explore.

Tips: Websites that have .org or .net in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the organisation's mission and values are.

This is the online version of a bilingual quarterly published by the Māori Affairs Department from 1952 to 1976.

You can search by keywords or browse by issues, authors and subjects like Māori history, society, culture, music and literature.

For example, the issue from September 1964 has an article about Hone Tuwhare the Māori poet and The Story of the Rainbow which is about Māori traditions about the rainbow.

Papers Past is a searchable collection of early New Zealand newspapers (19th and 20th centuries), letters, diaries, magazines and Parliamentary Papers digitised by the National Library and partners.

Select Newspapers and type in search words 'Treaty of Waitangi' to find a range of articles reported in newspapers from around the country.

Use the same search to find information in Magazines and Journals, Letters and Diaries and Parliamentary Papers.

Each collection has tools and guidelines to help you refine your search if you need to.

Tips: Search words, or keywords, are the most important words in our question. Usually it's better to leave out small words like 'the', 'a' and 'of' and just choose the main ones, eg Māori history. We can always change our keywords or add more if we need to.

Books

There are lots of books about Māori history. Check with your school or local public library to see what they have.

Here are few popular titles:

First footprints: people, land, and resources in Aotearoa by Peter Adds, Bronwyn Wood

Face to face: two cultures meet in Aotearoa by Terri Kessell

Framing the frontier: life in 19th-century Aotearoa by Terri Kessell

Tangata Whenua: the world of the Māori by D.M. Stafford.
SCIS no: 1923662

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These New Zealand-based websites provide an excellent overview of the Māori people - their origins, influences, leaders, heroes, and landmark events in their history. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa.

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Archives New Zealand, IA1 9/1/1a

He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni - the Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand is hugely important. It was how rangatira (Māori leaders) told the world, back in 1835, that New Zealand was an independent Māori nation.

Eruera Maihi Patuone | ? - 1872 | Iwi Ngāpuhi | Hapū Ngāti Hao, Ngāti Pou, Ngāti Rangi. All rights reserved.

He aha tōna tapu?

I te taenga mai a te Pākehā he iwi rangatira te iwi Māori. Nō tēnā hapū, nō tēnā hapū te mana whenua me te rangatiratanga. Kāore i eke te ture Pākehā ki ēnei motu. Nō reira, he pukapuka whakaatu ki ngā rāwaho he whenua rangatira tēnei, he whenua Māori.

I whakaaetia e Ingarangi tēnei Whakaputanga Rangatiratanga. Nō konā, e tika ana me whakarite tiriti ngā rangatira Māori kia tū ai he kāwana Pākehā ki tēnei whenua. Koia tēnei ko Te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840.

Kua pūmau rawa atu te iwi Māori ki ngā kupu o tēnei pukapuka tapu i runga i ngā marae maha huri noa i te motu, arā, e tūturu ai te rangatiratanga, me te mana motuhake o te iwi Māori.

Why is it important?

Described by British Resident James Busby as the 'Magna Carta of New Zealand Independence', He Whakaputanga was a bold and innovative declaration of Indigenous power.

It is inseparable from the Treaty of Waitangi and the issues that shape Aotearoa New Zealand. As Ngāpuhi elder Hone Sadler notes, 'He Whakaputanga te matua, Te Tiriti te tamaiti - He Whakaputanga is the parent, Te Tiriti is the child.'

He Whakaputanga is New Zealand's first 'constitutional document' - a document that defines the existence of the nation, who is in control of it, and how it will be run. It is also one of the earliest assertions of Māori identity beyond separate iwi and hapū.

The word 'whakaputanga' is usually translated as 'declaration', but it can also mean 'emergence' - the emergence of a new country. The words used in the document to describe an independent state, "he whenua rangatira", also have a deeper meaning of a land at peace under its rightful owners.

One of the signatories: Rewa
A highlight from the He Tohu exhibition
Rewa (also known as Manu) signed He Whakaputanga with his brothers Moka and Wharerahi. An important ally of Hongi Hika, Rewa was a well-regarded leader of Ngāpuhi's northern alliance.

His support for the mission stations at Kerikeri and Te Waimate helped them survive, and he was a driving force behind the 1831 letter to King William IV.

Rewa signed the Treaty but later tried to stop others from signing: "Your land will be taken from you, and your dignity as chiefs will be destroyed."

Image: Etablissement des missionnaires anglais a Kidikidi, 1824. C-082-094

The first te reo letter
A highlight from the He Tohu exhibition
The final Māori text of He Whakaputanga was written by Eruera Pare Hongi, who also composed the first known independently-written letter in te reo Māori in 1825, when he was only 10 years old.

Image: Portrait of Edward Parry, a baptized New Zealand youth, 1834. E-296-q-180-2

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He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni - the Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand is hugely important. It was how rangatira (Māori leaders) told the world, back in 1835, that New Zealand was an independent Māori nation.

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The arrival of Captain Cook initiated a dynamic but increasingly unequal relationship between Māori and Pakeha through colonialism. From the Treaty of Waitangi and the New Zealand Wars to land marches and Treaty settlements this topic explores a history of Māori post-European arrival and their response to colonisation. SCIS no: 1894418

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Topic Explorer - Māori History Post-European Arrival

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The arrival of Captain Cook initiated a dynamic but increasingly unequal relationship between Māori and Pakeha through colonialism. From the Treaty of Waitangi and the New Zealand Wars to land marches and Treaty settlements this topic explores a history of Māori post-European arrival and their response to colonisation.

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He Whakaputanga | Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand 1835

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He Whakaputanga | Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand 1835

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Topic Explorer - He Whakaputanga, English

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He Whakaputanga was signed on 28 October 1835 declaring New Zealand an independent nation. These resources cover the declaration, its significance, the articles, translations, signatories and why this document still matters today. SCIS no: 1894406