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The World Bank Report “Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience”, (The World Bank, 2013) has allowed our Indian Global Climate Change group to observe current data on India’s population, energy and water consumption and usage of carbon emissions. The World Bank provides statistical analysis, current and projected predictions and responses to these Climate Change issues. India has begun to take initiative and establish policies which help them not only domestically but globally reduce their impact of climate change. Introduced policies such as The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlines the eight core “national missions” (Ministry of Environment, 2013), which begin by addressing their domestic climate change issues which will then result in positively reducing their impact within the global climate change spectrum. Additionally, the World Bank paired with the NAPCC projects the scenario of a 4 degree rise in global temperatures, which would result in a multitude of extreme climate events for India such as sea level rise, more storm surges and droughts and flooding, impacting their already damaged coast lines and putting two Indian cities, Mumbai and Kolkata in jeopardy. These impacts will further negatively influence their lack of access to clean water. Furthermore, the group has observed India’s carbon emissions and energy patterns using the established legislations of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for Framework Convention on Climate Change and the UN Conference of Parties which gathered in 1997. The documents established proposed individual and global goals and solutions/responses to find cost effective ways to reduce carbon emissions and negative energy consumption slowing the impacts of Climate Change globally. This research has formulated the position our group is taking identifying the key areas where immediate funding and our proposed responses must be implemented to slow the process of climate change.

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From the research that has been formulated it is true that India is a major nation contributing to climate change. They have a profound use of fossil fuels which is in constant demand, considering that their emissions grew by 2.5% in 2015 and that their consumption of fossil fuels will be the highest by 2035.  However, research has proved that India is taking measures to improve their energy consumption and demand in order to achieve a more sustainable nation and improve their current, and rather poor climate situation.This information has impacted the way our group has formulated our current position to where India stands in regards to climate change - funding from other countries such as the USA to implement more sources of renewable energy, such as wind and solar. The International Energy Agency is a source of strategic planning which aims to enforce a low carbon development with an increased level of productivity which will lower the use of fossil fuels. Some of it’s energy efficient policies which have impacted our negotiations are to Advance Coal Technologies, enforce a National Wind Energy Mission and National Solar Mission. India is a growing nation and economy which means prioritising these climate change issues is essential so that India can prosper and function as a nation with and amongst other countries. Forming these international connections will also help India achieve their ambitions to improve their Climate Change issues and find common purposes, or seek funding with other nations.

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source of India's perspective and current policies implemented 

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source of India's perspective and current policies implemented 

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http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CLIMATE_CHANGE-INDIA's_PERSPECTIVE.pdf

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Current Policies India has established to deal with Climate Change 

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Current Policies India has established to deal with Climate Change 

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National Environmental Policy 2006 - outlines India’s response to Climate Change

Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change - National Actions Plans for assessment, adaptation and mitigation of Climate Change

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) - plan outlines eight “national missions”

Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change

Climate Change Action Programme - science initiatives

India Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)

Twelfth Five-Year Plan and Climate Change

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India ranks quite highly in its use of fossil fuels and its carbon emissions, but it is taking steps in the right direction to have a better impact on the environment and be more sustainable. They have released a National Action Plan with 8 core principles to help make the country’s energy consumption more environmentally sustainable. India has also vowed to reduces its CO2 intensity (emissions per GDP) by 20 to 25 percent by 2020 compared to 2005 levels. This is important for India as it is currently experiencing increased heat in its climate. This has the potential to lead to strange and unprecedented spells of hot weather. They are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. India is also experiencing changes in its monsoon rain patterns, which could lead to a major crisis, triggering more frequent droughts as well as greater flooding in large parts of India. In contrast with the rains, droughts too are on the rise for India, with statistics showing parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts.

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Something to consider in our negotiation with other countries?

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Something to consider in our negotiation with other countries?

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 100% is permitted under the automatic route for renewable energy generation and distribution projects subject to provisions of The Electricity Act, 2003.

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Enercon (Germany)

Vestas (Denmark)

Applied Materials (USA)

Even though Germany and Denmark aren’t countries in this assignment we could still use USA

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Does it produce fossil fuels? Does it export them? Does it need to import all fuel needs?

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Does it produce fossil fuels? Does it export them? Does it need to import all fuel needs?

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India has shifted from using traditional biomass and waste to relying on other energy sources, including fossil fuels

India began to import in 2004 with liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Coal is India's primary source of energy.  Although production has increased by about 4% per year since 2007, producers have failed to reach the government's production targets.

As coal production cannot keep pace with demand, India has met more of its coal needs with imports

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What is country’s energy consumption? (overall, poor person) What's the energy mix?

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What is country’s energy consumption? (overall, poor person) What's the energy mix?

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India’s energy consumption is set to grow 4.2% a year by 2035, faster than that of all major economies in the world, according to BP Energy Outlook.

India’s consumption growth of fossil fuels will be the highest by 2035 and it will overtake China as the largest growth market for energy in volume terms by 2030.

Coal, Crude oil, Natural Gas, Hydropower, Bioenergy, Wind and Solar Power, Nuclear power.

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What has been happening internationally re CC agreements/negotiations

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What has been happening internationally re CC agreements/negotiations

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Countries agreed too (brief):

mitigation: reducing emissions

Transparency and global stocktake - more ambitious targets every 5 years

adaption

minimising loss and damage

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What are its current commitments internationally re CC

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What are its current commitments internationally re CC

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To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.

To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030, with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF).

To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

Achieve average 8 percent annual GDP growth;

Reduce emissions intensity in line with India’s Copenhagen pledge; and

Add 300,000 MW of renewable energy capacity.

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Position of Government within India re CC

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Position of Government within India re CC

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The Prime Minister Modi has denied the prevalence of climate change in the past, and has only recently acknowledged its impact while speaking in international circles. In late 2015 it withdrew the ban on mining on the sensitive Konkan coast, and is diluting critical environmental laws – the laws for air and water pollution, and forest conservation. However recently has initiated a Solar Energy programme which aims to generate 1 lakh MW Electricity by 2020, and other initiatives on wind energy deployment, water conservation, and protecting coastlines and Himalayan Ecosystem, reflected Government's commitment towards environment protection and sustainable development

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Populous? Predictions for future economic growth, future population growth, future energy needs etc.  

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Populous? Predictions for future economic growth, future population growth, future energy needs etc.  

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Future Energy needs: To pursue sustainable development strategies that contribute to mitigation of climate change.
Efficient, fast, and reliable public transport systems such as metro-railways can reduce urban congestion, local pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Adoption of cost-effective energy-efficient technologies in electricity generation, transmission distribution, and end-use can reduce costs and local pollution in addition to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

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Populous? Predictions for future economic growth, future population growth, future energy needs etc.  

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Populous? Predictions for future economic growth, future population growth, future energy needs etc.  

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In 2050 India’s population is projected to be 1.69 billion.
India has experienced extraordinary population growth: between 2001 and 2011 India added 181 million people to the world.
India is a large developing country with nearly 700 million rural population directly depending on climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, forests and fisheries) and natural resources (such as water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence and livelihoods.

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What is the Country's energy consumption?

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What is the Country's energy consumption?

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Powerful? Influential? Member of many regional organisations or alliances? The country's governance capacity / regulatory frameworks / ability to act 

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Powerful? Influential? Member of many regional organisations or alliances? The country's governance capacity / regulatory frameworks / ability to act 

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The United Nations General Assembly responded in 1990 by establishing the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The UNFCCC held in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro adopted the framework for addressing climate change concerns.
The UN Conference of Parties held in Kyoto in 1997 adopted the Kyoto Protocol as the first step towards addressing climate change

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Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:
Prediction: Newer renewable electricity sources are targeted to grow massively by 2022, including a more than doubling of India’s large wind power capacity and an almost 15-fold increase in solar power from April 2016 levels.
As of the 31st of December 2016, India had achieved an operational grid-connected renewable energy capacity of more than 50 gigawatts.

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Ranked 130th in the latest United Nations Development Program report because rise expectancy and per capita income.

India’s HDI Value for 2014 is 0.609 which puts the country in the medium human development category, positioning it at 130 out of 188 countries and territories.

"Between 1980 and 2014, India's HDI value increased from 0.362 to 0.609, an increase of 68.1 per cent or an average annual increase of about 1.54 per cent- United Nations Development Programme

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2.	Economics! Is it developing or developed a long time ago? Rich or poor? Industrialized? Agricultural? High or low GDP / HDI. 

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2.	Economics! Is it developing or developed a long time ago? Rich or poor? Industrialized? Agricultural? High or low GDP / HDI. 

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Economics rapidly stronger.

Investment rate- 6.1% in 2015.

Economic growth (GDP annual variation)- 7.9% in 2015.

Agriculture: 68% are directly or indirectly involved in the agricultural sector.

Open Market: Trade is moderately important to India’s economy.

The value of exports and imports taken together equals 49 percent of Gross Domestic Product.

Remains strong GDP expanded a healthy 7.0% annually in the October to December period, below the 7.4% expansion reported in the previous quarter, but nearly a full percentage point above market expectations

Government spending has amounted to 27.4 percent of total output (GDP) over the past three years, and budget deficits have averaged 7.3 percent of GDP.

The average applied tariff rate is 6.2 percent

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Petroleum and other liquids:
In 2013, India was the fourth- largest consumer and net importer of crude oil and petroleum products in the world after the United States, China, and Japan.

o   Product demand- 3.7 million barrels per day.
Purpose: Motor gasoline fuels are used mainly in transportation and industrial sectors
Coal: Coal is India's primary source of energy (equaling 44% of total energy consumption), and the country ranked as the third-largest global coal producer, consumer, and importer of coal in 2012
India has experienced increasing supply shortages as a result of a lack of competition among producers, insufficient investment, and systemic problems with its mining industry.

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1.	Does it produce fossil fuels? Does it export them? Does it need to import all fuel needs?  

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1.	Does it produce fossil fuels? Does it export them? Does it need to import all fuel needs?  

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India's dependence on imported fossil fuels rose to 38% in 2012, despite the country having significant domestic fossil fuel resources.

o   Economic growth and modernization.
India ranked as the fourth-largest energy consumer in the world in 2011, following China, the United States, and Russia.
Net oil import dependency rose from 43% in 1990 to an estimated 71% in 2012.

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Impact of climate change (“CC”) on country/ people/ environment 

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Impact of climate change (“CC”) on country/ people/ environment 

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India is already experiencing increased heat in its climate. This could lead to unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. India is also experiencing changes in its monsoon rain patterns, which could lead to a major crisis, triggering more frequent droughts as well as greater flooding in large parts of India. In contrast with the rains, droughts too are on the rise for India, with statistics showing parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production.

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 What has country done to reduce its carbon emissions? Has it met its own goals? 

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 What has country done to reduce its carbon emissions? Has it met its own goals? 

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India pledged under the Copenhagen Accord to reduce its CO2 intensity (emissions per GDP) by 20 to 25 percent by 2020 compared to 2005 levels. India appears on track to achieve its voluntary pledge, though emissions are not projected to peak until around 2050 or later.  On October 1, 2015, India formally submitted its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) to the climate agreement due in December 2015 in Paris.  Among its key elements:

To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.

To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030, with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF).

To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

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 Identify countries in comparable position re CC impact 

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 Identify countries in comparable position re CC impact 

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India accounts for only 4 percent of global cumulative energy-related emissions since 1850, compared to 16 percent and 15 percent for the United States and China.  India produces about 2 tons of CO2e per capita, versus 20 tons and 8 tons, respectively, in the United States and China

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 What could be done domestically to respond to CC / How improve their responses 

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 What could be done domestically to respond to CC / How improve their responses 

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Since taking office in May 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has taken steps to scale up clean energy production and has initiated a shift in India’s stance in international climate negotiations. One of his first acts was to rename the environment ministry the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. In January, the newly reconstituted Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change launched new initiatives on wind energy, coastal zone management, health and waste-to-energy.

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 What is being done domestically to respond to those impacts / What is it doing at national level 

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 What is being done domestically to respond to those impacts / What is it doing at national level 

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India has a number of policies that contribute to climate mitigation by reducing or avoiding GHG emissions. In June 2008, the Prime Minister released India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change, which identified eight core “national missions” running through 2017. India’s current Five-Year Plan (2012-2017), which guides overall economic policy, includes goals to:

Achieve average 8 percent annual GDP growth;

Reduce emissions intensity in line with India’s Copenhagen pledge; and

Add 300,000 MW of renewable energy capacity.

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Prime Minister Modi is waiting on his advisers to give him some up-to-date info on what to say at the negotiations later this month. He knows that his country's opinion will count for a lot...

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Prime Minister Modi is waiting on his advisers to give him some up-to-date info on what to say at the negotiations later this month. He knows that his country's opinion will count for a lot...

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- from Brett