# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
See all the wonderful things Shenade Weeks has made

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
See all the wonderful things Shenade Weeks has made

# data[].attributes.body
The sun
Burning  brigt yellow

# data[].attributes.body
Boiling
A Steep Mountain
The Colour Is Orange
You'll Die If You Touch It
It Can Explode Lava
Red And Orange
Flaming

# data[].attributes.body
burning magma
hot lava like fire
flaming lava
light blaze
By Neomai

# data[].attributes.headline
      vo   boiling   lava                                                                        lcano                                                                                                     

# data[].attributes.subject
      vo   boiling   lava                                                                        lcano                                                                                                     

# data[].attributes.body
lava
boling/magma
burning/flamming/scorching
ashes/exploding
fire/burning/gas

# data[].attributes.body
magma scorching hot gases from volcano erupting bursts from surface boiling

# data[].attributes.body
The sun
boiling hot gas
in our solar system
flaming scorching
the core

# data[].attributes.body
burning hot ash
bright scorching heated red
big rings
magma

By Laelle

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The volcanoes of the Mediterranean, such as the explosive Mount Etna, technically shouldn't exist, at least according to the old model of how volcanoes grow. A new study reveals how they got there.

Enormous sections of the Earth's crust - the rocky plates floating on the scorching, molten rock inside the Earth, known as the mantle - can collide and trigger volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and generate mountain ranges. These collisions are the culprits that created many of the world's volcanoes, including those along much of the Pacific "Ring of Fire."

However, some volcanic eruptions happen far from these crash sites. The new study, detailed in the June 3 issue of the journal Nature, suggests that the mantle pushes up on the Earth's crust in some areas, creating extreme pressure that can cause volcanoes - and mountains - to grow, said the researchers who studied these areas. It is this shoving of the mantle that created the volcanoes of the Mediterranean, they said.

"The rise and subsidence of different points of the Earth is not restricted to the exact locations of the plate boundary. You can get tectonic activity away from a plate boundary," said study co-author Thorsten Becker of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

The Mediterranean is part of what geologists call a mobile belt - fragments of the Earth's crust that float between the much larger continental plates. The research team believes their model can help predict volcanic hotspots in these mobile belts. Other mobile belts include the North American Cordillera, which includes the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and the Himalayas.

Mantle material can sink at a plate boundary, and then flow back upward farther away, pushing on the crust - a process called small scale convection. The slow but inexorable motions can move mountains - both gradually and through earthquakes or eruptions. The researchers were able to detect these crustal motions with a global positioning system (GPS).

The study identified two mountain ranges raised almost entirely by mantle flow, according to the authors: the southern Meseta Central plateau in Spain and the Massif Central in France.

Processes similar to those in the Mediterranean may also have indirectly caused the intense 19th-century New Madrid intraplate earthquake, which occurred in the middle of a tectonic plate rather than at the edge, Thorsten told LiveScience.

Volcanic hotspots like the one that created Hawaii, though, are associated with a deeper upwelling, and not with the study's model, Thorsten said. However, there are other volcanic sites, such as Mt Etna, and volcanoes in China, that may fit the researchers' model.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New study could explain why volcanoes form far from the edges of tectonic plates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The volcanoes of the Mediterranean, such as the explosive Mount Etna, technically shouldn't exist, at least according to the old model of how volcanoes grow. A new study reveals how they got there.

# data[].attributes.body
molten lava
mountain full of magma
extremely hot
magma

By Felicia 4W

# data[].attributes.body
ZAYNE      Lava
boiling magma
boiling hot lava fire
hot lava fire
burning
explode

# data[].attributes.body
Lava
eruption   ash
scorching hot boiling
extremly  hot
flamming

# data[].attributes.body
it is very hot
it can kill you
if you are near a volcano it can get hoter faster
it is a burnibg volcano

# data[].attributes.body
the sun,
burning gases big,
large star flaming bright yellow
boiling young star
burns you.

# data[].attributes.body
Lava
Burning fire
Boiling,orange,gas
Yellow gases
Flaming

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
A Moment of Science - Indiana Public Media

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Firefighters use water to battle a towering inferno. You might wonder if water could also stifle an erupting volcano.

Actually, this experiment happens every time a volcano erupts at the bottom of the ocean.

What Happens When A Volcano Erupts Underwater?

Most of the world's volcanic action happens an average of eight thousand five hundred feet underwater. Deep beneath the waves there are an estimated one million volcanoes.

As with land volcanoes, molten lava pushes up from beneath the sea floor at thousands of degrees Fahrenheit. Ocean water can't "put out" the volcano the way firefighters put out a fire, but it does have a profound effect on what happens to the lava once it's out of the ground.

Water's Pressure

The biggest difference between undersea and land volcanoes has nothing to do with water's wetness, but with its pressure.

At these depths, the water pressure can be two hundred and fifty times more powerful than air pressure at the Earth's surface. This prevents bubbles from forming in the lava, eliminating the likelihood of an explosive eruption like some land eruptions are.

Glassy, Rock Formations

Instead, lava squeezes out of the ground like toothpaste out of a tube, forming glassy rock formations that look like long, stacked pillows. The pressure is so high that steam never even forms where lava touches water. You could be in a boat over a giant, erupting volcano, and never even know it was there.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Are Underwater Volcanoes Stifled By Water?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Firefighters use water to battle a towering inferno. You might wonder if water could also stifle an erupting volcano. Actually, this experiment happens every time a volcano erupts at the bottom of the ocean. Most of the world's volcanic action happens an average of eight thousand five hundred feet underwater.

# data[].attributes.body
Mountain
Pompei People
Erupting volcanos
Molten Lava
Rocky

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Updated July 16, 2013 18:55:24

Researchers say Japan's highest peak, the 3,776-metre volcano Mount Fuji, may violently erupt if its inside is cracked at the time of a major earthquake.

The researchers include those from the state-run National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).

Mount Fuji, an inactive volcano, last erupted in 1707 in what is known as the Hoei eruption, which dumped a large amount of volcanic ash onto the Kanto region.

The researchers have warned another violent eruption of Mount Fuji is possible, noting that underground magma has accumulated inside the volcano over the past 300 years.

A massive earthquake could cause cracks inside the volcano which might lead to a violent eruption, they said.

The team looked into a number of craters on the mountain through aerial photos and field investigations to analyse past eruptions between 10,000 years ago and the 1707 eruption.

The study showed that a large number of dikes created before the 1707 eruption have prevented magma from rising.

But in the case of the Hoei eruption, two magnitude-8 earthquakes hit Mount Fuji in 1703 and 1707, causing magma under the surface to rise.

The researchers said they expect magma to have accumulated under the ground as a series of low-frequency earthquakes have been detected underneath Mount Fuji.

Volcanologist Akira Takada, a senior AIST researcher, said Mount Fuji may erupt in the event of a major earthquake such as one which might occur in the Nankai Trough, stretching south of two of Japan's four main islands - Honshu and Shikoku.

Last month, Mount Fuji was inscribed into UNESCO's list of World Heritage cultural sites.

Topics: volcanic-eruption, disasters-and-accidents, earthquake, japan, pacific

First posted July 16, 2013 16:59:52

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mount Fuji may erupt if hit by massive quake

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Updated July 16, 2013 18:55:24 Researchers say Japan's highest peak, the 3,776-metre volcano Mount Fuji, may violently erupt if its inside is cracked at the time of a major earthquake. The researchers include those from the state-run National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).

# data[].attributes.body
lava
very hot ash
volcano very hot
magma erups
molten

# data[].attributes.body
The sun
burning hot gas
large round spere
big bright yellow
hot star

# data[].attributes.body
Molten lava
Flowing down volcano
Hot and scorching
CORE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
We Need a New Definition for "Magma" - Eos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Confusion over the meaning of "magma" can generate popular misperceptions, including a nonexistent molten sea underneath Yellowstone National Park. We propose a different definition.

# data[].attributes.body
The sun
burning hot gas
large round ball
big bright yellow
hot star

# data[].attributes.body
Volcano
molten lava
volcano eruption
mountain magma
Ashes

# data[].attributes.body
Burning ashes
Blazing flaming lava
Flaming gases
Flames
By Brendon

# data[].attributes.headline
magma scorching hot gases from volcano erupting bursts from surface boiling

# data[].attributes.subject
magma scorching hot gases from volcano erupting bursts from surface boiling

# data[].attributes.body
Scorching gases
flaming hot particles
dark black sunspots
The Sun
By Neomai

# data[].attributes.body
The Sun
Burning Gases
The core is the hottest
Energy source
Scorching

]"{:PLKJMNAHB

# data[].attributes.body
hot burning gas

big explosion

lots of fire

# data[].attributes.body
Lava
Extremly Hot
Mountain Full Of Lava
Molten Lava
Magma

# data[].attributes.body
Magma hot-2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Compared with the billions of other stars in the universe, the sun is unremarkable. But for Earth and the other planets that revolve around it, the sun is a powerful center of attention. It holds the solar system together; provides life-giving light, heat, and energy to Earth; and generates space weather.

Characteristics of the sun

The sun resides some 26,000 light-years from the Milky Way's center, in a tendril of our home galaxy known as the Orion Arm. Every 230 million years, the sun-and the solar system it carries with it-makes one orbit around the Milky Way's center. Though we can't feel it, the sun traces its orbit at an average velocity of 450,000 miles an hour.

The sun formed more than 4.5 billion years ago, when a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula collapsed under its own gravity. As it did, the cloud spun and flattened into a disk, with our sun forming at its center. The disk's outskirts later accreted into our solar system, including Earth and the other planets. Scientists have even managed to see these planet-birthing disks around our sun's distant young cousins.

Our home star is a yellow dwarf, a medium-size variety that's fairly common in our galaxy. The label "yellow" is misleading, though, since our sun burns a bright white. On Earth, the sun can take on warmer hues, especially at sunrise or sunset, because our planet's atmosphere scatters blue and green light the most.

From our perspective, "dwarf" might not be the best word for our sun, either. At about 864,000 miles (1.4 million kilometers) wide, the sun is 109 times wider than Earth, and it accounts for more than 99.8 percent of the solar system's total mass. If it was a hollow ball, more than a million Earths could fit inside it. But the sun isn't hollow: It's filled with scorching gases and soups of electrically charged particles called plasma. The sun's surface temperature is about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 degrees Celsius), and it's 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15.5 million Celsius) at the core.

Deep in the sun's core, nuclear fusion converts hydrogen to helium, which generates energy. Particles of light called photons carry this energy through a spherical shell called the radiative zone to the top layer of the solar interior, the convection zone. There, hot plasmas rise and fall like the ooze in a lava lamp, which transfers energy to the sun's surface, called the photosphere.

It can take 170,000 years for a photon to complete its journey out of the sun, but once it exits, it zips through space at more than 186,000 miles a second. Solar photons reach Earth about eight minutes after they're freed from the sun's interior, crossing an average of 93 million miles to get here-a distance defined as one astronomical unit (AU).

Out beyond the sun's photosphere lies the atmosphere, which consists of the chromosphere and the solar corona. The chromosphere looks like a reddish glow fringing the sun, while the corona's huge white tendrils extend millions of miles long. The chromosphere and corona also emit visible light, but on Earth's surface, they can be seen only during a total solar eclipse, when the moon passes between Earth and the sun.

The corona runs far hotter than the photosphere, hitting temperatures of more than a million degrees Fahrenheit. How the corona gets so hot remains a scientific mystery, which is partly why NASA launched its Parker Solar Probe, the fastest spacecraft ever built, and the first ever sent into the corona. ( Read more about the spacecraft that will "touch the sun.")

Solar wind and flares

In addition to light, the sun radiates heat and a steady stream of charged particles known as the solar wind. The wind blows about 280 miles (450 kilometers) a second throughout the solar system, extending the sun's magnetic field out more than 10 billion miles. Beyond that distance, the solar wind gives way to the colder, dense material that drifts in between stars, forming a boundary called the heliopause. So far, just two spacecraft-Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 -have crossed this cosmic threshold, which defines the start of interstellar space.

Every so often, a patch of particles will burst from the sun in a solar flare, which can disrupt satellite communications and knock out power on Earth. Flares usually stem from the activity of sunspots, cool regions of the photosphere that form and dissipate as the sun's internal magnetic field shifts. Solar flares and sunspots obey a regular cycle, rising and falling in number every 11 years as the poles of the sun's magnetic field flip back and forth.

Sometimes, the sun will also launch huge bubbles of magnetized particles from its corona, in events called coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Some CMEs can grow as large as the sun itself and fling as much as a billion tons of material in a given direction. As they rush from the sun, CMEs can send huge shockwaves through the solar wind. If a CME collided with Earth, its particles could pack enough power to fry electronics in orbit and on Earth's surface.

Like many energy sources, the sun will not last forever. It has already used up nearly half of the hydrogen in its core. The sun will continue to burn through the hydrogen for another five billion years or so, and then helium will become its primary fuel. At that point, the sun will expand to about a hundred times its current size, swallowing Mercury and Venus-and maybe Earth. It will burn as a red giant star for another billion years and then collapse into a white dwarf star.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Compared with the billions of other stars in the universe, the sun is unremarkable. But for Earth and the other planets that revolve around it, the sun is a powerful center of attention. It holds the solar system together; provides life-giving light, heat, and energy to Earth; and generates space weather.

# data[].attributes.body
Boiling hot smoke                     bright scorching  red magma
huge erruption
grey ash
by david

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Volcanoes have been pictured violently assaulting the earth and life around them since the earliest of times. There are cultures that have many myths wrapped deeply in the heart of volcanic action and still others that keep a current day watch on active volcanoes they live near. Scientists have dug at the heart of these geographical wonders in pursuit of the answer to what are volcanoes and they have found many interesting facts and more.

The Earth Is Made Of Plates

In order to answer the question, 'what are volcanoes,' you must first start by carefully considering how the Earth is made. In particular you'll have to look at the surface and what is beneath it. The volcano is where the earth's crust gets broken and magma is able to flow through to up to surface and become lava. It means, 'what are volcanoes but magma outlets?' The crust is often broken because underneath there has been a shift in plates causing the earth to move and the crust to crack.

There is even a branch of science devoted specifically to answering the question, what are volcanoes, called volcanology. The scientists are called volcanologists and they have spent years in the study of geology, chemistry, physics as well as earth sciences when they are in school. While in their career they will study and monitor volcanoes and any volcanic action to help better understand and predict when certain eruptions might occur so any populations in the area can be warned and any studies can be performed.

What Are Volcanoes?

Understanding How They Are Classified

During the course of study volcanologists have discovered that there are several distinct types of volcanoes. Being able to classify them helps to unify research that other scientists are doing as well. There are a few different ways that a volcano may be classified into. They are:

Active Volcanoes

These are when a volcano is at its most dangerous. Here they are erupting regularly and this can affect the living area surrounding it. In Equador the Sangay volcano has erupted frequently in the last 79 years. The 'Lighthouse of the Mediterranean' is the Stromboli volcano just off Italy's west coast and it has been erupting for more than 2,000 years.

A Dormant Volcano

This is where there has been an eruption in our history as far back as we've recorded but it's been quiet for some time. There are numerous dormant volcanoes on the islands of Hawaii as well as in Iceland and Australia.

Extinct Volcanoes

This is where the volcano has not erupted in history so far as we've recorded and evidence suggests that it won't. In addition to this, volcanoes can also be classified into different types as well.

These volcanoes have slopes that are not as steep as the other types. The lava builds in multiple layers forming a shield over time. The shield volcanoes contain low viscosity magma.

These are considered to be more explosive than the rest. The lava doesn't actually flow very far from the vent and it can form in the crater of volcanoes. Lava is known to clog the vent and then build up underneath causing bigger explosions. When we picture the answer to 'what are volcanoes,' these are the formations that often come to mind.

These are small mounds of lava that's cooled. It's not uncommon to find them formed on other volcanoes. When looking closely at, 'what are volcanoes' you'll often see different types close together.

These are sometimes called stratovolcanoes and have cinder rocks as well as lava flows. They can be considered layered volcanoes. They have ash layers as well as hardened rocks and cooled lava layers. Because of the various layers there can easily be a buildup of gasses. These gasses can cause explosions. For many reasons this makes these some of the most dangerous volcanoes. They are more common where plates converge and one goes underneath the other, also called a subduction zone. It becomes bowl like in the top layer, also called a caldera or crater.

httpvh://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVGeJpjDcho

These are where the Earth's tectonic plates start spreading apart and hot spots spring up. There is a current fissure in Iceland. This island formed between Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.

What Are Volcanoes For? Creation Or For Destruction

When answering the question, what are volcanoes, one must look at whether or not they destroy land or create more land. The islands of Hawaii are created by volcanic activity in a hotspot centuries ago. They are capable of changing the climate as well.

The pacific plate meets many other plates and these form a ring of volcanic fire. There are known to be more than four hundred volcanoes in this ring. Some scientists estimate that fully 75% of all existing volcanoes actually reside in the ring of fire.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Volcanoes have been pictured violently assaulting the earth and life around them since the earliest of times. There are cultures that have many myths wrapped deeply in the heart of volcanic action and still others that keep a current day watch on active volcanoes they live near.

# data[].attributes.body
burning hot gas
scorching hot burning sun
boiling hot circle
burning              koby

# data[].attributes.body
Magma
burning hot ash
bright,scorching,heated red
big explosion
lava

# data[].attributes.body
flamming hot ash
volcanos           errupting
massive bright sun
burning
by sophaneth

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
One of the most active volcanoes in Mexico has erupted - CBBC Newsround

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mexico's Colima Volcano has erupted sending a huge column of ash and smoke in to the sky

# data[].attributes.body
burning, flaming lava