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Personality disorders
Cluster A: person seems odd or eccentric
Schizoid Personality Disorder
-withdrawn and lacks feelings for tothers
-seldom marry
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
-odd thought, speech, and emotional reactions
-impaired social functioning
Paranoid Personality Disorder
-inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others
-refuse to accept blame or criticism

Cluster B: person seems dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Borderline Personality Disorder
-tend to act impulsively
-self destructive
-unstable self image, mood
-mostly women
Antisocial Personality Disorder
-pattern of ciolent, criminal, or unethical behavior
-inability to feel affecton for others
-no remorse for actions
-mostly men
Histrionic Personality Disorder
-very dramatic attention seeking needs praise and reassurance
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
-grandiose view of themselves
-constant attention and admiration

Cluster C: persona appears anxious or fearful
Dependent Personality Disorder
-inability to make decisions on your own
-can't live independently
-can't tolerate being alone
Avoidant Personality Disorder
-fears of rejection
-leads to isolation
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
-needs orderliness (obsessed) personal control, rules, schedules
-unreasonable perfrectionism

Social Communication Disorder
-unable to adjust voice level in certain situations
-usually in children

Counter Conditioning
-an unpleasant CR is replaced with a pleasant one

Systematic Desensitization
-relaxation
-face fears in an anxiety hierarchy

In Vivo Desensitization
-confronting things you fear

Implosive Therapy
-imagine the worst, first

Aversive Conditioning
-pair a habit with an unpleasant stimulus

Treating Anxiety
Drug/Physical Therapy
-Barbituates
-Benzo

Illofical Thinking (Depression)
-Arbritrary Inference
-sweeping conclusion about self despite eveidence tot he contrary
-Selective Abstraction
-sweeping conclusion based on only one of the numerous factors influencing a situation

Overgeneralization
-Sweeping conclusion based on a single event

Magnification and Minimization
-magnify

Treating Depression
-Biological Perspective
Anti Depressant Medication
SSRI (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
Prozac (linked with biolent/ suicidal thoughts)

Lithium
-for bipolar disorder
Electro Compulsive Therapy (ECT)
-Shock treatment
-induces seizures
-alters the brain chemistry

Psychodynamic Perspective
-Psychoanalysis aka. free association
-persona goes to see a psycholoigst
-uoissues are discussed

Client Centered Approach
-Humanism-Carl Rogers
"person centered"
-person is resposible for change
-non-directive
-unconditional positive regard

Behaviorist Perspective
-operant conditioining
-based on rewards
Cognitive Perspective
-chanbe you way of illogical thinking
-patient can change thought process ergo mental disorder can be changed as wel
Aaron Beck
-Cognitive Triad-negative thoughts the self the world the future
-Martin Seligman: learned helplessness
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET/REBT)
-Albert Ellis
-direct approach
-persuasion, challenge, argument
Socio-Cultural
-change individuals the patient is around. Model behavior from a depressed society, you will be sad
-Model behavior from a society that does not feel depression is acceptable, no depression

Treating Dissociative disorders
-attempt to reconnect the identites into a signle functioning identity
-treatment may focus on symptoms
-psychotherapy and medication (Haldol)

Amnesia, Fugue
-talking, pictures, time
DID
-talking therapy
-Haldol

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Psychogenic Amnesia
-memory loss for both distant and recent past
-lose personal identity
-ussually ens within hours or days
Organic
-memory loss for recent past only
-lose personal and general knowledge
-memory may return, ay not
Dissociative Identity Disorder
-MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder)
-personality "breaks"
-usually due to severe trauma/abuse
Fugue
-reversible amnesia for personal identity
-includes forgetting memories, personality and other identifying characteresitics of individuality
-hours to days
-usually involves unplanned travel or wandering

Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder
-disordered thoughts, inappropriate actions, bizarre behavior
-genetic
-excessive dopamine
-Hallucinations (false senses)
-delusions (false beliefs)
Positive
-hallucinations are added
Negative
-behavior is reduced
-flat effect

Paranoid Schizophrenia: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

Disorganized Schizophrenia: disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Catatonic Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/ or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movement

Undifferentiated or residual: schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types

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Depression
Major Depressive Disorder
-intense sadness (can last months to forever)

Dsythmia
-involces less intense sadness
-2 years or more
biolofical origin

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
-depression which occurs at specific times of the year with less sunlight

Bipolar Disorder aka. manic depression
-
Bipolar 1
-more extreme than bipolar 2. Episodes of manicness and depression in people with bipolar 1 are more aggressive

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Diathesis Stress Model: genetic predispositions and stress lead to a mental illness

Diathesis
-genetic factors
-biological characteristics
-psychological traits
Stressors
-traumatic life events
-negative family life
-economic disadvantages

Neurosis: emotional disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety
-can function in life
Psychosis: emotional disturbance characterized by the inability to cope in the real world
-can't function in life

The Big Three
1. Biological Modle
-abnormal behavior is caused from physiological malfunctions
2. Psychodynamic Model
-Unconscious, internal causes
3. Cognitive- Behavioral Model
-abnormal behavior is the result of learning and thought process

Eating Disorders

Anorexia: psychological disorder characterized as an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
-severely limit the intake of food way below the necessary level of calorie intake

Bulimia: repeated binge eating, or eating larger amounts of food than most people would and then make themselves vomit after

Binge Eating Disorders: recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food (often very quickly tot he point of discomfort); a feeling of loss of control during the binge; experiencing shame or doubt after

Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms: rapid breathing, perspiration, shaking, passing out

Phobia
-irrational, intense fear of something, interferes with normal life

Panic Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: having an obsession which then leads to an anxiety due to the obsession which then leads to a compulsion (the action) which then leads to the relief and the cycle repeats

Somatoform Disorder
-people complain of physical symptoms with no physical cause
Hypochondriasis: think you have it but you don't
Conversion Hysteria: have the problem with no cause (because of the anxiety)

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Normal: eating 3 meals a day, sleeping about 7-8 hours a day,

Abnormal: not eating much or eating too much, not sleeping much or sleeping too much,

Biopsychosocial Model for Depression
Biological: hereditary, inactivity in left frontal lobe, lack of norepinephrine and sorotonin (prozac vs. Litium)
Psychosocial: poor self concept, faulty disturbed interperonal relationships
Cognitive: negative thought pattern- global, internal

Labeling ADVANTAGES:
-appropriate treatment given
-stimulates research on the disorder
-payment of insurance since the person sees a professional

Labeling DISADVANTAGES:
Rosenhaan's study: labeling leads to the self fulfilling prophecies of not being able to fit in fully with the rest of society