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Participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically and visually processed words. This is because the words were better rehearsed and had deeper processing which allowed them to be better recalled.

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Kearins concluded that the survival of the Aborigines in the harsh desert landscape had encouraged and rewarded their ability to store or encode information using visual retrieval cues. The results of the experiment suggest that survival needs may shape and reward a particular way of encoding information in memory.

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Remembering is an active process, where information is retrieved and altered to fit into schemas.

Humans continue to search for meaning

Memories are not replicas of experiences but reconstructions of them

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- Only shows the relationship between the different levels of processing and does not explain why deeper processing results in better recall
- Could be the extra effort/time that allows for better recall, and not the depth of processing
- Depth is hard to objectively measure as it is quite vague.

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1

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The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants’ memory of the accident.

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- Quasi-experiment (independent variable - culture - cannot be manipulated)
- Findings are correlation in nature and therefore is not able to establish a cause and effect relationship.
- There is only one sample.

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5

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If culture is considered the independent variable, then the study is a quasi-experiment. (A quasi-experiment deals with an independent variable that can’t be randomly assigned.) This means that no cause and effect relationship cannot be made.

There was no control group: No Native Americans recalled the story to prove that distorting the story doesn’t happen with people in the specific cultural group.

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5

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Lacked mundane realism

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3-4