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whether you are stating an opinion (supported with a claim) or a proposal (with an opinion in mind and urging an action or solution) your essay should contain

- a thesis : proposition or claim that's going to be defended

- evidence : facts, figures, examples, statistics, expert opinions

- a conclusion : briefly restate the claim in a fresh new way

things to not forget:
- put least important point first then build up from there
- opinion first, proposal later
- reason with opponent, not just dismiss them
- humor in argument is powerful
- examples, causes and effects, compare and contrast, narration and description
- limitation on evidence

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limit the amount of evidence in the essay

a stronger argument will remain in place of where all the excess evidence was before

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1. Non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") - stating a conclusion that does not follow first premise or premises
ex. My dog is always following me around, she acts like my security guard, but peanut butter shouldn't be put on broccoli.

2. Oversimplification - neat and easy explanations for large and complicated phenomena
ex. All wild animals are crazy, we should ban all animals without a home!

3. Hasty generalization - stereotypes
ex. Women are too weak to work in construction.

4. Either/or reasoning - assuming that a reality may be divided into only 2 parts or extremes
ex. The only way to remove all drug use is to isolate our country completely, or kill anyone who tests positive for drugs.

5. Argument from doubtful or undignified authority - stating something without identifiable authority
ex. According to this reliable source, fruits are very unhealthy.

6. Argument ad hominem (Latin for "to the main") - attacking a person's views by attacking his or her character
ex. Why should we listen to this women? She never even graduated high school, she knows nothing about taxes!

7. Begging the question - repeat what is true is true
ex. I have graduated from college because it is the right thing to do. Graduating from college is the right thing to do because it's the smartest choice.

8. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (Latin for "after this, therefore because of this") - assuming that because B follows A, B was caused by A
ex. My team has been doing terrible all season. Then my coach gave us burgers before each game and we won two games. If we keep eating burgers before each game, we will win the whole season!

9. False Analogy - claim of persuasive likeness when no significant likeness exists
ex. Stating there is a "war on drugs." There is no stated enemy for the war. Is it the drugs or the drug users or sellers or makers? Who knows?

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is where the writer reasons from particular experiences to try and generalize truths.

conclusion is false

Example:
Tables have four legs.
A dog has four legs.
Therefore, tables are dogs.

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starts with general knowledge and then predicts a specific observation

first statement is the major premise
second statement is the minor premise
third statement is the conclusion that connects the first two statements

Example:
Megan is a dog.
Megan has two ears
Therefore, all dogs have two ears.

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is when the writer makes statements that lead to a conclusion

The Toulmin Method
data - evidence to prove something
claim - what the writer is proving with the data
warrant - the assumption or principle that connects the data to the claim

The Warrant at the Center
The warrant is the assumption or generalization that explains why the claim follows the data.

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Evidence is anything that demonstrates what the writer is claiming.

includes: facts, statistics, expert opinions, examples, report experience, or etc.

Emotional appeals can be powerful and manipulative since it affects the feelings of the reader.

Example:
Do you really want to deprive your children from having a happy and optimistic childhood?

An ethical appeal is where the author makes the audience believe they are a well-informed person of goodness and a good moral character, and therefore should be believed.

Example:
As a doctor, I am qualified to inform you that you are in danger of heart disease from eating meat.

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is where the writer defends their opinion about something

Example:
Excess amounts of fast food is harmful to one's long term health since it contains large amounts of carbohydrates, sugars, and sodium, which can lead to heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.

A thesis or claim, typically would be placed at the beginning of an essay and should be clear and easy to understand. If a thesis is complicated and will take the reader more time to accept, then place the thesis in the middle or at the end.

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do not try to force opinions onto their readers, they subtlety, and nicely, guide them towards their opinions

Don't do:
If you do not believe in women's rights, you are going to hell.

Do:

If you do not believe in women's rights, then you do not believe in equality being a basic human right.

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both must include either an opinion or proposal (or both), a thesis (which is the claim that is going to be defended), evidence (which are facts, figures, examples, or expert opinions), and a conclusion (which should briefly restate the claim in a new way).

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is used to convince an audience to take action or support something, by appealing to their beliefs and/or feelings

Example:
In order to prevent drug abuse resulting from schoolwork, teachers must consider the amount of pressure being put on each student.

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are anything that can win over a reader's agreement

Example:
When students are overwhelmed with schoolwork, some of them will partake in drug abuse.