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Hunter-Gatherer & Early Civilization Inquiry

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Hunter-Gatherer & Early Civilization Inquiry

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Early Civilizations & Peoples - Google Drive

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Stories from the Past

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Mythology Resource Master - Google Drive

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container ships and docks - Google Search

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A building's materiality is what our bodies make direct contact with; the cold metal handle, the warm wooden wall, and the hard glass window would all create an entirely different atmosphere if they were, say, a hard glass handle, a cold metal wall and a warm wooden window (which with KTH's new translucent wood, is not as absurd as it might sound). Materiality is of just as much importance as form, function and location-or rather, inseparable from all three.

Here we've compiled a selection of 16 materials that should be part of the design vocabulary of all architects, ranging from the very familiar (such as concrete and steel) to materials which may be unknown for some of our readers, as well as links to comprehensive resources to learn more about many of them.

One of the oldest, most traditional building materials around the world is of course timber. The material is beginning to take on new forms thanks to engineered wood products, and with high-rise buildings and even translucent properties, this diverse material is being taken to new heights. reThink Wood has a great collection of resources to learn about, and help architects design with, wood.

The city skylines as we know them exploded out of our discovery of steel, commonly used for reinforcement but serving as a beautiful skin in several examples. The wiki SteelConstruction.info offers everything you could possibly need to know about designing with steel.

Although this may seem like a cheap, unsustainable material to some, one should not be so quick to judge the possibilities that plastic holds. We produce so much of it; why not recycle it in the form of architecture or bioplastics? What about the whole new world that comes with 3D printing? The American Chemistry Council has a great overview of plastics as a material, as well as a rundown of their major uses in architecture, with links to further resources for each.

Textiles have been explored most commonly using tensile structures, however there's a whole range of opportunities using this material: load-bearing chairs, inflatable spaces, fabric casting and wooden fabrics amongst others. Fabric Architecture Magazine has a collection of technical articles for architects, while their resource guide provides a comprehensive overview of the products on the market in this category.

Despite its rigid, rectangular shape made to fit in your hand, brick architecture has been shown to create beautiful structures with the right craftsmanship. Innovative thinkers are also finding new ways to incorporate active sustainability into the small building elements. The Brick Development Association has a collection of resources for learning more about brick.

9. Kevlar

A material stronger than metal body armor, with awesome tensile strength, Kevlar is certainly an asset when building large structures. With a less rigid composition than steel however, it could reform the way we think of large load-bearing structures. As a still-relatively-new material, there are few comprehensive information sources on Kevlar's architectural applications, but this article and this snippet of the book Material Architecture by John Fernandez are good places to start.

Reflecting everything about our new material endeavors is carbon fiber: "five times stronger than steel, twice as stiff, weighing significantly less." The composition of carbon fibre makes it flexible to work with, allowing it to take shapes from surfaces to rods, depending on your requirements.

Earth is among the oldest building materials we can think of due to its almost universal accessibility and relative ease of use at small scales. It's capable of being compressed into modules, as well as creating freeform surfaces, all of which can eventually return to the earth with ease.

15. Straw

Creating a passive thermal environment, shielding from rain and blending into similar natural surroundings are just a few things that straw is good at. It's no wonder thatched roofs were so popular in the past.

16. Organic materials

With the massive loss of habitats happening around the world, getting to know organic structures created by animals is something that's best to do sooner rather than later. Not only can we learn from their use of materials, it also opens up opportunities for us to coexist through incorporating their organic materials into our architecture.

As with all materials, accessibility and cost plays a huge role. There are sure to be materials not on the list that would be the obvious option in certain parts of the world, so be sure to get to know the materials around you in addition to these and you'll be sure to have a complete resource.
Finally, if you're looking for a resource to specify products for a project, why not try ArchDaily's Product Catalog?

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16 Materials Every Architect Needs to Know (And Where to Learn About Them)

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A building's materiality is what our bodies make direct contact with; the cold metal handle, the warm wooden wall, and the hard glass window would all create an entirely different atmosphere if they were, say, a hard glass handle, a cold metal wall and a warm wooden window (which with KTH's new translucent wood, is not as absurd as it might sound).

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ancient building materials - Google Search

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Areas & Parts

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Class Writing Organizer

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Egyptian & Modern Living Writing Organizer

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Their Rooms and Contents

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The Parts of the House for children with English pronunciation

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In this video, we will review the PARTS OF THE HOUSE in English in a fun way. Your child will learn the names of different parts of a home in English while view the photo, listen to the pronunciation and read as it is written.

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Time lapse of home constructed start to finish

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HARVESTING WHEAT -  from ' bee bright - OUT AND ABOUT ON THE FARM - INCREDIBLE CROPS!'

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The Amazing Fertility of the Nile | Nile | BBC Earth

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Once the floods receded and the fields dried, the plants would wither and die. The mud that the Nile left behind needed lots of watering in the hot sun. The ancient Egyptians tried to trap as much flood water as possible, so they did not have to constantly get water from the river.

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Living in Ancient Egypt Part 3: Farming Houses & Transportation

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The Story of Modern Food

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Ancient Egypt

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Living in Ancient Egypt Part 2: Egypt and the Nile River

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Building an Ancient Home

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"mythology & fiction explained" "mythology & folklore explained" "sci-fi explained"

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Mythology & Folklore has always interested me from when I was a child to this day, on this channel we will discuss any kind of Mythology including Greek, Nor...

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The Myth Of Pandora's Box - Greek Mythology Explained

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These maps of ancient Egypt highlight representative aspects: historical, locations of major constructions, Egypt as we know it today and the Nile.

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Living in Ancient Egypt Part 3: Farming Houses & Transportation

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Ancient Rome

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Four sisters in Ancient Rome - Ray Laurence

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Ancient Rome

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A glimpse of teenage life in ancient Rome - Ray Laurence

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The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were:

The Seven Wonders were first defined as themata ( Greek for 'things to be seen' which, in today's common English, we would phrase as 'must-sees') by Philo of Byzantium in 225 BCE, in his work On The Seven Wonders. Other writers on the Seven Wonders include Herodotus, Callimachus of Cyrene, and Antipater of Sidon. Of the original seven, only the Great Pyramid exists today.

Great Pyramid at Giza

The Great Pyramid at Giza was constructed between 2584 and 2561 BCE for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (known in Greek as 'Cheops') and was the tallest manmade structure in the world for almost 4,000 years. Excavations of the interior of the pyramid were only initiated in earnest in the late 18th and early 19th centuries CE and so the intricacies of the interior which so intrigue modern people were unknown to the ancient writers. It was the structure itself with its perfect symmetry and imposing height which impressed ancient visitors.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, if they existed as described, were built by Nebuchadnezzar II between 605-562 BCE as a gift to his wife. They are described by the ancient writer Diodorus Siculus as being self-watering planes of exotic flora and fauna reaching a height of over 75 feet (23 m) through a series of climbing terraces. Diodorus wrote that Nebuchadnezzar's wife, Amtis of Media, missed the mountains and flowers of her homeland and so the king commanded that a mountain be created for her in Babylon. The controversy over whether the gardens existed comes from the fact that they are nowhere mentioned in Babylonian history and that Herodotus, 'the Father of History', makes no mention of them in his descriptions of Babylon. There are many other ancient facts, figures, and places Herodotus fails to mention, however, or has been shown to be wrong about. Diodorus, Philo, and the historian Strabo all claim the gardens existed. They were destroyed by an earthquake sometime after the 1st century CE.

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was created by the great Greek sculptor Phidias (known as the finest sculptor of the ancient world in the 5th century BCE, he also worked on the Parthenon and the statue of Athena there in Athens). The statue depicted the god Zeus seated on his throne, his skin of ivory and robes of hammered gold, and was 40 feet (12 m) tall, designed to inspire awe in the worshippers who came to the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Not everyone was awestruck by the statue, however. Strabo reports:

Although the temple itself is very large, the sculptor is criticized for not having appreciated the correct proportions. He has shown Zeus seated, but with the head almost touching the ceiling, so that we have the impression that if Zeus moved to stand up he would unroof the temple. ( Seven Wonders)

The Temple at Olympia fell into ruin after the rise of Christianity and the ban on the Olympic Games as 'pagan rites'. The statue was carried off to Constantinople where it was later destroyed, sometime in either the 5th or 6th centuries CE, by an earthquake.

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus ( Ephesos), a Greek colony in Asia Minor, took over 120 years to build and only one night to destroy. Completed in 550 BCE, the temple was 425 feet (about 129 m) long, 225 feet (almost 69 m) wide, supported by 127 60-foot (about 18 m) high columns. Sponsored by the wealthy King Croesus of Lydia, who spared no expense in anything he did (according to Herodotus, among others) the temple was so magnificent that every account of it is written with the same tone of awe and each agrees with the other that this was among the most amazing structures ever raised by humans. On July 21, 356 BCE a man named Herostratus set fire to the temple in order, as he said, to achieve lasting fame by forever being associated with the destruction of something so beautiful. The Ephesians decreed that his name should never be recorded nor remembered, but Strabo set it down as a point of interest in the history of the temple. On the same night the temple burned, Alexander the Great was born and, later, offered to rebuild the ruined temple, but the Ephesians refused his generosity. It was rebuilt on a less grand scale after Alexander's death but was destroyed by the invasion of the Goths. Rebuilt again, it was finally destroyed utterly by a Christian mob lead by Saint John Chrysostom in 401 CE.

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was the tomb of the Persian Satrap Mausolus, built c. 351 BCE. Mausolus chose Halicarnassus as his capital city, and he and his beloved wife Artemisia went to great lengths to create a city whose beauty would be unmatched in the world. Mausolus died in 353 BCE, and Artemisia wished to create a final resting place worthy of such a great king. Artemisia died two years after Mausolus and her ashes were entombed with his in the mausoleum ( Pliny the Elder records that the craftsmen continued work on the structure after her death, both as a tribute to their patroness and knowing the work would bring them lasting fame). The tomb was 135 feet (41 m) tall and ornately decorated with fine sculpture. It was destroyed by a series of earthquakes and lay in ruin for hundreds of years until, in 1494 CE, it was completely dismantled and used by the Knights of St. John of Malta in the building of their castle at Bodrum (where the ancient stones can still be seen today). It is from the tomb of Mausolus that the English word 'mausoleum' is derived.

The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the god Helios (the patron god of the island of Rhodes) constructed between 292 and 280 BCE. It stood over 110 feet (just over 33 m) high, overlooking the harbor of Rhodes and, despite fanciful depictions to the contrary, stood with its legs together on a base (much like the Statue of Liberty in the harbor off New York City in the United States of America, which is modeled on the Colossus) and did not straddle the harbour. The statue was commissioned after the defeat of the invading army of Demetrius in 304 BCE. Demetrius left behind much of his siege equipment and weaponry, and this was sold by the Rhodians for 300 talents (approximately 360 million US dollars) which money they used to build the Colossus. The statue stood for only 56 years before it was destroyed by an earthquake in 226 BCE. It lay in impressive ruin for over 800 years, according to Strabo, and was still a tourist attraction. Pliny the Elder claims that the fingers of the Colossus were larger than most statues of his day. According to the historian Theophanes, the bronze ruins were eventually sold to "a Jewish merchant of Edessa " around 654 CE who carried them away on 900 camels to be melted down.

The Lighthouse at Alexandria, built on the island of Pharos, stood close to 440 feet (134 m) in height and was commissioned by Ptolemy I Soter. Construction was completed sometime around 280 BCE. The lighthouse was the third tallest human-made structure in the world (after the pyramids), and its light (a mirror which reflected the sun's rays by day and a fire by night) could be seen as far as 35 miles out to sea. The structure rose from a square base to a middle octagonal section up to a circular top and those who saw it in its glory reported that words were inadequate to describe its beauty. The lighthouse was badly damaged in an earthquake in 956 CE, again in 1303 CE and 1323 CE and, by the year 1480 CE, it was gone. The Egyptian fort Quaitbey now stands on the site of the Pharos, built with some of the stones from the ruins of the lighthouse.

Other Wonders

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were, by no means, a comprehensive agreed-upon list of the most impressive structures of the day. Rather, the list was very much like a modern-day tourist pamphlet informing travelers on what to see on their trip. Those masterpieces listed above are the traditionally accepted 'wonders', as first set down by Philo of Byzantium, but there were many writers who followed him who disagreed on what was a 'wonder' and what was only of passing interest. Herodotus, for example, cites the Egyptian Labyrinth as being far more impressive than even the pyramids of Giza, stating,

I visited this building and found it to surpass description; for if all the great works of the Greeks could be put together in one, they would not equal this Labyrinth. The Pyramids likewise surpass description, but the Labyrinth surpasses the Pyramids.

Nor did all agree on which of the 'wonders' was the most wonderful, as this passage from Antipater, praising the Temple of Artemis, attests:

I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis, that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself, has never looked upon its equal, outside Olympus.

Antipater also replaced the Lighthouse with Babylon's walls and Callimachus, among others, listed the Ishtar Gate of Babylon. Philo's list, however, has long been accepted as the 'official' definition of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. What they all did agree on, however, was that once upon a time humans raised structures which were worthy of the work of the gods and, once seen, were never to be forgotten.

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The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were: The Seven Wonders were first defined as themata ( Greek for 'things to be seen' which, in today's common English, we would phrase as 'must-sees') by Philo of Byzantium in 225 BCE, in his work On The Seven Wonders.

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The Egyptian Book of the Dead: A guidebook for the underworld - Tejal Gala

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Ancient Greeks: Everyday Life, Beliefs and Myths

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When someone died in Ancient Greece, they would be washed. A coin would be placed in their mouth, to pay the ferrymen who took the dead across the rivers in the different parts of the Underworld. When the Greeks conquered Egypt, they adopted the Egyptian tradition of mummification.

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For Kids

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MrDonn.org - Stories, Myths (retold & written by Lin Donn)

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RESTRICTIONS: You may NOT copy our work, put your name on it, and turn it in as your work. You may NOT post our work to the web without our written permission, be it on your site or any other site. You may NOT frame our site.

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Summaries/Facts

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Check out these ghastly Greek myths from the time of the Ancient Greeks! Read on, if you dare...
Greek 'myths' (short for mythology) are a series of stories about the Gods and magical beings of Greece. We'll bet you've heard of some of the famous - and infamous! - characters already, such as Heracles, (the strongest man on Earth) Zeus, (the God of the sky and king of the gods) Pegasus (a flying horse) and Hades (the god of the underworld).

Find out more about the grand Greek myths, below!

Greek mythology

Created thousands of years ago, Greek myths were epic stories about , passed down over generations. They often feature heroic battles and terrible creatures, and taught the importance of bravery, intelligence, and right and wrong. They showed that even the gods, like mortal men, could be punished or rewarded for their actions. Details of the ancient tales have been found on everything from pottery to temples to stone statues!

Greek myths were a huge part of the religion in Ancient Greece, and offer a glimpse into the lives of the ancient people who told them. Check out five of these fascinating Greek myths below, and meet the people-eating, fire-breathing beasts and the heroes who battled them!

The Monster: Scylla and Charybdis
The Hero: Odysseus
The Battle: On both sides of a narrow stretch of sea, monsters lie in wait. On one side, Scylla thrashes around her six snakelike heads, ready to crunch on passing sailors. On the other, Charybdis creates a deadly whirlpool. No person has ever faced these beasts and escaped unharmed. Now the king, Odysseus, and his crew must pass them to get home. They edge around Charybdis' spiralling sea, saving the ship from being swallowed whole. But Scylla swoops down and gobbles up six men. "Row!" Odysseus shouts, leading the rest of the crew past Scylla and out of the deadly channel. Having survived the dreaded beasts, Odysseus and his men continue their journey.

Did you know we have a FREE downloadable Greek Mythology primary resource? Great for teachers, homeschoolers and parents alike!

Theseus and the Minotaur

The Monster: The Minotaur
The Hero: Theseus
The Battle: Half-man, half-bull, the Minotaur lurks in an underground maze waiting for his next meal - children sent to him as a sacrifice. Lost in the labyrinth, the kids surely will be devoured. But brave king Theseus has had enough of his land living in fear of the Minotaur. He accompanies the group and is prepared to fight. Hearing the Minotaur breathing nearby, he springs toward it. Dodging the monster's deadly horns, he thrusts his sword into the beast. The Minotaur is dead, but will the group find its way out? Luckily, Theseus unspooled a piece of string as he walked through the maze, and leads the children out to safety.

The Labours of Heracles

The Monster: The Hydra
The Hero: Heracles
The Battle: In a swamp creeps a deadly nine-headed serpent called the Hydra. Killing it is one of 12 tasks Heracles - the son of Greek god, Zeus - must complete to become immortal. After throwing flaming spears at the beast, the Hydra attacks so Heracles hits its heads with a club, but more grow in their place! Heracles' friend, Iolus, then leaps to his aid with a flaming torch. After an epic battle, the men finally destroy the Hydra!

Perseus and Medusa

The Monster: Medusa
The Hero: Perseus
The Battle: The hideous Medusa has snakes for hair, terrifying tusks and a face that turns anyone that looks at it into stone! To please his king, warrior Perseus agrees to slay the beast. Wearing a helmet of invisibility, he sneaks up on Medusa. She's asleep, but one gaze at her face and Perseus would be a statue! So he looks at her harmless reflection in his shiny shield and beheads her. Victorious, Perseus flies off on winged sandals.

Bellerophon and Pegasus

The Monster: The Chimera
The Hero: Bellerophon
The Battle: The fire-breathing Chimera is a terrifying beast with a serpent for a tail, a goat's body and a lion's head! A king has commanded warrior, Bellerophon, to destroy her. Soaring above the monster on a winged horse, Pegasus, he shoots arrows at her. Bellerophon then attaches lead to his spear and thrusts it into the vicious beast. The hero's actions kills the fiery Chimera.

Read more about amazing ancient adventures in National Geographic Treasury of Greek Mythology.

Illustrations: Ben Shannon

What do you make of our Greek myths? Let us know by leaving a comment, below!

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Ancient Greek Myths | National Geographic Kids

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Check out these ghastly Greek myths from the time of the Ancient Greeks! Read on, if you dare... Greek 'myths' (short for mythology) are a series of stories about the Gods and magical beings of Greece. We'll bet you've heard of some of the famous - and infamous!

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A Flash-based learning tool on world creation mythology. In Dutch and English. Lessons are created using cooperative learning techniques.

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Student Organizer

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Provinces & Territories

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Provinces & Territories

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Physical & Political

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Canadian Shield

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Class Activity

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Readings & Activity

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DK Find Out! | Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!

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Visit DK Find Out! to learn about dinosaurs, space, animals, nature & more. Fun learning activities for kids with videos, quizzes & galleries at DKFindOut.com

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Readings

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Regions Readers

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The Innuitians, Types of Industry and Recreation 

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The Innuitians, Types of Industry and Recreation 

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Life in Svalbard - Leben in Spitzbergen EPISODE 5 Coal Mining

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In Summertime I work as a guide in the Arctic, but what does it mean to live here in Longyearbyen in svalbard / Spitzbergen how does it look like and what does it feel like to be here- that is what I want to Show in these Episodes.

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Slide show for Geography on the innuitian Mountains landform region. The Innuitians are part of the Arctic cordillera.

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Life in Svalbard - Leben in Spitzbergen EPISODE 6 Wildlife

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In Summertime I work as a guide in the arctic, but what does it mean to live here in Longyearbyen in svalbard / Spitzbergen how does it look like and what does it feel like to be here- that is what I want to show in these episodes.

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What it Takes for Arctic Living

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Google Maps Video

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Explore Views of the Canadian Arctic with Google Maps

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Readings

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Overview/Summary

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Crash Course Kids

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Landforms, Hey!: Crash Course Kids #17.1

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Where we come to learn about Canada and the World around us.

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Explore Canada Time-Lapse

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EXPLORE CANADA - Part 1 |   4K TIME-LAPSE FILM

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What is Canada?  What does it mean to be Canadian?

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What is Canada?  What does it mean to be Canadian?

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This is my video entry to the Adventure in Citizenship Program offered by Rotary International. Music Credit (royalty-free): http://www.bensound.com