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The photosphere is defined as the visible surface of sun. Several features can be observed on the photosphere, including dark sunspots, the bright faculae, and granules. The photosphere is not a solid layer, and is concluded to be approximately 100 km thick.
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/surface.shtml

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The chromosphere is defined as a layer of gas above the photosphere that emits a reddish color due to the hydrogen it contains. During total eclipses, this red color can be seen in prominences that project above the sun.
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/chromos.shtml

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The core of the sun is the innermost layer of it's interior. In this layer, gravity and heat create energy that drives the process of nuclear fusion, which powers the sun and creates light. Nearly all heat from the sun is created in the core. The core is made out of dense, hot gas in a plasmic state.
http://web.utah.edu/astro/sun.html

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The radiactive zone of the sun is the next inner layer after the core. This layer is responsible for radiating energy through photon emission after it has produced in the core by nuclear fusion. The radiactive zone is also less dense than the core.
http://www.thesuntoday.org/overview/layers-of-the-sun/

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The convective zone is the outermost layer of the interior of the sun. This layer acquired its name because energy is transported by convection. The bottom of the convection zone is heated due to radiating energy from the radiactive zone, and the surface of the layer is cooled. This causes the convection. Light is created on the surface of the convective zone, and cools the surface.
https://www.cora.nwra.com/~werne/eos/text/convection_zone.html

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The corona is defined as the sun's outer atmosphere. To the naked eye, the corona appears as a "pearly white crown" around the sun during total eclipses.
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/corona.shtml

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Sunspots are defined as dark or irregular patches that appear on the sun's photosphere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot

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A prominence is defined as a large, bright, gaseous feature that extends outside of the surface of the sun.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_prominence

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A solar flare is defined as an intense and sudden change in brightness. It occurs when built up magnetic energy is released.
https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm

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An aurora occurs because of charged particles colliding and creating bright lights. The sun provides energy for auroras.
https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/EPO/auroral_poster/aurora_all.pdf