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1. This is a picture showing 5th or 6th Century Scandinavia and the location of Jutes, Geats, Danes, and Swedes. The epic poem, Beowulf is set in Danes, modern day Denmark, and Geats, modern day Sweden. The tribes of the Jutes, Geats, Danes, and Swedes were in constant warfare throughout history.

2 "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts. He was well regarded and ruled the Danes for a long time after his father took leave of his life on earth" (53-56).

3. Scyld is the wealthy king of the Danes, and when he dies, his famed son, Beow assumes the throne. This quotation demonstrates the Danes government and royal lineage.

4. Image Citation: http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/42-Beowulf-Vikings.png

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1. Fyrkat is a ...

2. "So his mind turned to hall-building: he handed down orders for men to work on a great mead-hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever..." (67-70)

3. How does the quotation above help us understand the importance of the mead hall to the Germanic tribes?

4. Image citation: http://files.guidedanmark.org/files/441/441_308115.jpg?qfix

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1. The Nydam Boat is...

2. "A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince. They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ships well furbished with battle-tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail" (32-40).

3. How does the quotation above about a boat burial expand our understanding of boats' importance to the Northern European tribes of this period?

4. Image citation: https://www.abc.se/~pa/uwa/nydam-e.htm

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1. The Sutton Hoo Archeological Site is...

2. "Then fashioned for him the folk of Geats firm on the earth a funeral-pile,
and hung it with helmets and harness of war and breastplates bright, as the boon he asked; and they laid amid it the mighty chieftain, heroes mourning their master dear" (2712 - 2718).

3. Why do you think Anglo-Saxons and other Northern European tribes of this period buried their great kings with boats and treasure?

4. Image citation: https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/secrets-of-sutton-hoo.htm

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1. A standard in this context is a...

2. “And they set a gold standard up
high above his head and let him drift
to wind and tide, bewailing him
and mourning their loss" (47-50).

3. How might an iron standard and a gold standard differ in importance?

4. Image citation:
http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN01413/AN01413411_001_l.jpg?width=304

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1.The Sutton Hoo Sword...

2. "...a rare and ancient sword named Hrunting. The iron blade with its ill-boding patterns had been tempered in blood. It had never failed the hand of anyone who hefted it in battle" (1458-1461).

3. Why do you think a sword might have been an object of mythical or magical importance?

4. Image citation: http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00035/AN00035175_001_l.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Shield...

2. “Swaddled in flames, it came gliding and flexing and racing toward its fate. Yet his shield defended the renowned leader’s life and limb for a shorter time than he meant it to: that final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle” (2569-2575).

3. How does the passage indicate the importance of the shield?

4. Image citation: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/90/fe/57/90fe572b832bc2bcc8652b80a7836c71.jpg

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1. The dancing warrior helmet plate is...

2. "You are free now to move forward to meet Hrothgar in helmets and armor, but shields must stay here and spears be stacked until the outcome of the audience is clear" (395-398).

3. Why do you think the guard allows the Geats to approach with their helmets an armor but not their shields and spears?

4. Image citation:
http://vikingrune.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/sutton_hoo_dancing_warriors.jpg

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1. A torque is

2. "Far and wide through the world, I have heard, orders for work to adorn that wallstead were sent to many peoples. And soon it stood there,
finished and ready, in full view,
the hall of halls. Heorot was the name he had settled on it, whose utterance was law. Nor did he renege, but doled out rings and torques at the table. The hall towered, its gables wide and high and awaiting a barbarous burning" (74-84).

3. How does the quotation help us understand the place of the torque in the world of Beowulf?

4. Image citation: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466150

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1. The Sutton Hoo silver bowls...

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons have included bowls in a boat burial?

4. image citation: britishmuseum.org

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1. The Sutton Hoo Helmet...

2.)" He began to remove his iron breast-mail, took off the helmet and handed his attendant the patterned sword" (671-673)

3. Besides protection in battle, what other value might a helmet have had in this culture?

4. Image citation: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/worldhistory/sutton_hoo_helmet/ship_burial_helmet.jpg

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1. To keen is to...

2. "And they set a gold standard up high above his head and let him drift to wind and tide, bewailing him and mourning their loss" (47 - 50).

3. What do you think it says about a culture that they turn their weeping into a traditional song?

4. Image citation: https://maddypaxman.com/2016/08/19/the-loss-of-keening-singing-for-the-dead/

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1. The Sutton Hoo harp...

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of man's beginnings . . ." (86-91)

3. How does the quotation establish the importance of singing and harp-playing among the Northern European tribes?

4. Image citation: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/anglo_saxons/stories_and_pastimes/as_lyre_from_ship_burial.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Purse Lid...

2. "Boar-shapes flashed
above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men. They marched in step,
hurrying on till the timbered hall
rose before them, radiant with gold" (303-308).

3. Why do you think the Northern European tribes were so interested in metals and metalwork?

4. Image citation:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-purse-lid

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1. The Sutton Hoo Should Clasp...

2. "The Geat people built a pyre for Beowulf, stacked and decked it until it stood four-square, hung with helmets, heavy war-shields and shining armour, just as he had ordered. Then his warriors laid him in the middle of it, mourning a lord far-famed and beloved" (3137-3142).

3. Do you think these shoulder clasps would have been made for armor warn in battle? Why or why not?

4. Image citation: http://wuffings.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/DSC02926-B.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Gold Coins...

2. "They marched in step, hurrying on till the timbered hall rose before them radiant with gold" (305 - 308).

3. What seems to drive the Northern European tribes' interest in gold?

4. Image citation: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-ship-burial

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1. The Sutton Hoo Golden Buckle...

2. "Boar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guard, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men" (303-306).

3.Why do you think that the Germanic tribes used animal images such as boars, bears, wolves, eagles, crows, etc., so often in their metalwork?

4. Image citation: britishmuseum.org

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation []

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation []

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1. The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey is...

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why do you think that these tribes used animal images such as boars, bears, wolves, eagles, crows, etc., so often in their metalwork?

4. Image citation:
http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/anglosaxon-bird-shield-ornament-from-the-suttonhoo-ship-burial-from-picture-id501585757

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1. A scop was...

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him
to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet, telling with mastery of man's beginnings..."(86 -91)

3. What does the above quotation tell us about the role of the scop within the Anglo-Saxon and Northern European tribal culture?

4. Image citation: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/4e/93/55/4e93552d1da8a31bb2780489f80cf33e--asatru-anglo-saxon.jpg

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1. Fens are

2. "Grendel was the name of this grim demon haunting the marches, marauding round the heath and the desolate fens; he had dwelt for a time in misery among the banished monsters, Cain's clan, whom the Creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts" (102-108)

3. How does the fact that Grendel makes his home in a fen help to characterize the monster?

4. Image citation: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/images/saltmarsh2.jpg

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1.The Descendants of Cain...

2. "[Grendel ] had dwelt for a time
in misery among the banished monsters, Cain's clan, whom the Creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts. For the killing of Abel the Eternal Lord had exacted a price: Cain got no good from committing that murder, no because the Almighty made him anathema and out of the curse of his exile there sprang ogres and elves and evil phantoms and the giants too who strove with God
time and again until He gave them their reward" (104-114).

3. Why do you think the poet has Grendel be a descendant of Cain?

4. Image
https://www.google.com/search?q=descendants+of+cain&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGtJy34bbWAhVKRCYKHZMdCsAQ_AUICigB&biw=1414&bih=700&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=wKVohg8iIauHqM:

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1. Mead is...

2. "So, after nightfall, Grendel set out for the lofty house, to see how the Ring-Danes were settling into it after their drink, and there he came upon them, a company of the best asleep from their feasting, insensible to pain and human sorrow" (115-120).

3. What does it mean that some of the Danes were "insensible to pain and human sorrow"?

4. Image citation:
https://www.honeycolony.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Mead.jpg