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Hippocampus: main communicator between inner and outer brain
Frontal Lobe
has the motor cortex
Parietal Lobe
sensory perception
(somatosensory cortex
Occipital Lobe
vision
Temporal Lobe
hearing

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Endocrine System
- hormones is the messenger
- the slower messaging system
- puberty takes years
- not instantaneous, a long letter that takes a long time to write and you read and cherish it
- stronger impact
Pituitary Gland
- it links the brain to the hormones
Adrenal Gland
- epinephrine (mimics adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Pancreas
- helps regulate insulin, related to hunger-motivation, glucose breakdown

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Nervous system
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: somatic and autonomic
Somatic: think body and the meat of it (control your movement)
ANS: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic: fight-or-flight

heart rate goes up, breathing is spiked, don't pee

PNS: rest-and-digest

smaller pupils. bladder relaxes (go pee), digest, lower heart rate, steady breathing

They are both linked to anxiety, amygdala, emotion theories
(you feel scared before a speech because you can hear your heart beating)

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EEG reading
awake: alpha waves
deep sleep: delta waves
Round 1
- miss REM
- stage 1/2: jerky head sleeper in class
- stage 3: NREM (non-REM sleep)
- 1-2-3-2-1-REM
- lasts 90 minutes for adults
- babies hit REM faster/ older people don't need as much sleep, their brain doesn't need to recuperate from the day's activities
Etc.
- REM gets longer through the night
- dream more close to waking up
- Night Terrors (stage 3) (happens during big changes)
- Sleep Apnea happens in later stages, heavier people
- also Sleep Paralysis
- Da Vinci sleeping is sleeping for 90 minutes staying awake for 3 hours
- trends: REM gets longer, deeper stages vanish, stage 1 gets smaller

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Infants: 16-18 hours
Children: 12-14 hours
Teenagers: 11-13 hours
Adults: 7-9 hours
Elderly: 4-6 hours
Circadian Rhythm
- 24 hour cycle
- energy level, mood, learning, alertness vary through the day

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Sleep disorders
- Insomnia: can't fall asleep
- Narcolepsy: sleep all the time; uncontrollable sleep attacks, might go straight to REM
- Sleep Apnea: temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening
- Night Terrors: high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; occurs during Stage 4 within 2 and 3 hours of falling asleep
Circadian Rhythm
1-2-3-4-3-2-1-REM
- Stage 4 goes away by the second round
- Stage 3 goes away by the third time
- Cycles are usually 90 min
- Average person has 4-5 cycles
- early sleep: stage 1 and 2 are longer
- late sleep: REM is longer

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- gland: a group of cells that produces and secretes chemicals. it can select and remove materials from the blood.

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- Limbic system: interconnected group of forebrain structures

amygdala: fear and aggression

hypothalamus: survival needs

hippocampus: new memories

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- Albert Einstein had bigger ventricles and larger corpus callosum
- only left brain can speak
- confabulation: create reasons for why we do things
- the left brain is constantly surprised by right brain, and right brain works along listening to left brain's stories
- the left brain is the more logical thought side
- 2 intelligences?
- the right brain resolves itself to teamwork as the left brain becomes more developed and language takes over
- the right brain is more creative thought

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Being human means being able to make the best decision from the knowledge presented. It means that we have a unique personality and are capable of change. Being human means having constructive human interaction and collaboration.

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- parietal lobe is concerned with senses
- visual fields are also opposites
- temporal lobe is associated with memory, listening

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- medulla controls heart rate and breathing; it is on the brainstem
- brainstem is the oldest
- cerebellum controls balance and coordination also called the mini brain
- thalamus is the sensory switchboard, relays important sensory information

sensory cortex and parietal lobe are where the info goes

smell goes through the olfactory bulb, all others go through thalamus first

- reticular formation controls arousal
"being awake and alert"

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- Reinforcement theory: stimulus followed by reward reinforces the connection, increasing the probability of a repeat of that behavior
- Primary reinforcers: e.g. food, water, sex they strengthen behavior while secondary reinforcers are learned
- Negative reinforcers: a stimulus followed by a punishing response reduces the likelihood of a repeat

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Blue - frontal lobe
White - temporal lobe
Red (facing) - parietal lobe
Red (bottom) - occipital lobe

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frontal lobe
broca's area : lips, broca broke out into a rap

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White - medulla
Red - cerebral cortex
Worm - reticular formation

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- EEG
- screams, increased brain activity but you can't wake them up
- different that a nightmare
- like sleepwalking
- kinda no cure, it has to go away
- regulate food, time of sleep, many tests

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All or None - it either sends the signal or it doesnt
Direction of Impulse - Dendrite to Axon
Refractory period - the time it takes to repolarize to send the signal again
Threshold - the amount of signal it gets, weak signal will not fire
Resting Potential - fully polarized, ready to go, normal neuron
Action Potential - when it is fired, the flush happening
Depolarized - this is when it fires, water rushing out of the bowl

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- Humanistic perspective is a combination on nature vs nurture
- Dr. Adrian Raine's research supports nature; he shows that the brains of psychopaths and serial killers are truly different than a normal human

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I can discuss the nature vs. nurture debate in the biological perspective and the parts of a neuron
- Due friday: gummy worms, grapefruit
sanjana - gummy bears, broccoli

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- environmental triggers and experiences cause addiction
- being dominated results in increased likelihood of substance abuse
- stimuli related to alcohol (like smell) are harder to ignore for alcoholics; the environment they learn to drink in also has an impact
- the cultural feel of consuming drugs with friends results in increased addiction.

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- alcoholism has been declared a disease without identifying the biological mechanism, but here is some evidence:

experiments on rats have shown that physical dependence on alcohol can be genetically transmitted and inherited

studies on familial incidence of alcoholism have shown high rates of near relative alcoholism, and the highest correlation is in sibling alcoholics; alcoholism tends to run in families

generally, identical twins have higher rates of alcoholism that fraternal twins

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- the physical defect that causes addiction is in the hedonic system
- the hedonic system is the one that perceives pleasure, deep inside the part of the brain that handles basic survival
- so despite the addict having the choice to use or not use drugs, they do not have the choice on whether to crave or not
- the brain will not ignore the survival imperative that compels an addict to return to drugs
- addiction fits the Disease model