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Altruism- unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect- tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if bystanders are present

happy people are the most helpful people

social exchange theory- theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

(rewards must exceed costs ^)

reciprocity norm- expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social responsibility norm- expectation that people will help those needing their help

conflict- perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

social traps- situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

mirror image perceptions- mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sses itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

self fulfilling prophecy- belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals- shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT- Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

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proximity is friendship's most powerful predictor

mere exposure effect- phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

passionate love- aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

companionate love- deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

equity- conditiion in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self disclosure- revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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proximity is friendship's most powerful predictor

mere exposure effect- phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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deindividuation- lower sense of self-awareness in a crowd
-increases arousal; decreases sense of responsibility

Discovered by Zimbardo with the Stanford prison experiment w/ the guards

the guards acted and did things they wouldn't do on their own

Social facilitation- improved performance of tasks in presence of others

social impairment- when you do worse when people are watching you

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis- frustration or failure to reach a certain desired goal often leads to aggression, or behavior which intends to harm

Altruism- acting with an unselfish regard for others using helping behavior (being helpful)

diffusion of responsibility (KItty Genovese murder)- I don't have the responsibility, the more people there are, the less you feel responsible

^experiment done by Darley and Latane

IV= # of people in the group

DV=time it took for them to help

Stanley Milgram did the teacher shocking experiment to the student (studied authority obedience)

Asch did the conformity experiment: line test, the person had to either say the correct answer or conform with the others by saying the wrong answers

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aggression- any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

frustration aggression principle- principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

social script- culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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I can begin to prepare for last unit test

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I can begin to prepare for last unit test

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Attribution- Fritz Heider
How do people make judgements about the causes of behavior?
3 criteria:
-Distinctiveness (How Similar is this situation to other situations?)

-Consistency (Does individual act similarly in same situation over time

-Consensus (How do others in the same situation respond?)

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Prejudice- unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
(beliefs, emotions, predispositions to action)

stereotype- generalized, sometimes accurate but overgeneralized, belief about a group of people

discrimination- unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

just world phenomenon- good is rewarded and evil is punished; people deserve what they get

ingroup- "Us", aka people whom we share a common identity

outgroup- "Them", aka those different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup bias- tendency to favor our own group

scapegoat theory- theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame (when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for anger)

other race effect- tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

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Social facilitation- improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

What you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience, but what you normally find difficult may seem all but impossible when you are being watched

social loafing- tendency for people in a group to exert les effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

deindividuation- loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization- enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group (beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like minded others)

group think- mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (people hold back their opposing views for harmonious agreement)

culture- enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

norms- understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

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Automatic mimicry- we copy each other. if someone yawns, we all yawn. I started saying "major prank" because everyone around me said it (chameleon effect)

conformity- adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

we conform when:
-we are made to feel insecure
-we are in a group of at least 3 ppl
-etc etc

normative social influence- influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

^ aka we conform because we want to avoid rejection and gain social approval

informational social influence- influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

^conforming because you believe what someone else says

Milgram's experiment: told a participant (teacher) to shock another participant (student) if he or she answered a question wrong. Each time the voltage increased and increased, and even though the teacher participant wanted to stop, the experimenters egged them on and told them to keep doing it. Result: 60% of participants shocked them to the very end

Obedience is highest when:
-person giving orders is perceived to be a legitimate authority figure

-authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution

-victim was depersonalized or at a distance, evne in anothe rroom

-there were no role models for defiance

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attribution theory- theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

fundamental attribution error- tendency for observers, when analyzing other's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

attitudes- feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Persuasion efforts take two forms:

-Peripheral route persuasion: occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

-Central route persuasion: occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

foot in the door phenomenon- tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

role- set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

cognitive dissonance theory- theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

e.g. you agree to help a researcher to write an essay about something you disagree with. Feeling responsible for the statements (which are inconsistent with your attitudes), you would feel discomfort. To reduce the discomfort, you might start believing in your phony words.

If you act like you like someone, you soon may actually like them

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Social psychology-The study of how we think about influence and relate to each other

Attribution Theory- the theory that examines our tendency to make sense of other people's behavior... Is behavior a result of the situation the person is in or their individual traits?
-You are standing in line at the movie theater and someone cuts in line.. Why?
-he's an asshole (trait)
-he's late (situation)

-Antecedent: information about person/situation prior to circumstance

Attribution- what we believe casued the behavior
-personal (dispositional): blaming the person's character
-situational: blaming the circumstance or external factors

different biases in attribution
-Just World Phenomenon: assumption that bad things happen to bad people and vice versa
-Fundamental Attribution Error: overemphasize personal attributions for others and underestimate them for ourselves
(When we're running late, it's beause of the train. When someone else is running late, it's because they didn't leave on time)
-Self Serving Bias: attribute successes to ourselves and failures to situations

Attitude- stable organization of beliefs, feelings, and tendencies toward someone or something

ABC's of attitudes
-Affect: feeling of love, hate or dislike
-Behavior: approach, avoid
-Cognition: beliefs (facts, opinions)

Prejudice- intolerant, unfavorable, and rigid attitude toward a group of people. Can be artificially created

discrimination- actions that deny opportunities and social esteem to an entire group of people or individual

prejudice doesn't include actions, whereas discrimination does

Ingroup bias- tendency to favor one's own group

self fulfilling prophecy- one's  unconscious expectations about someone else eventually lead the other person to behave in ways that confirm these expectations

True
True
false
True
True
True

Yes
no
yes
no
no
no

Cognitive Dissonance- Attitudes and behaviors inconsistent; we're motivated to decrease this tension

created by Leon Festinger

Conformity- changing behavior to match that of the group

obedience- compliance with en explicit demand to change behavior from an authority figure

Compliance- how we respond to a request
-low ball: similar to framing (when prices appear lower but actually is relatively the same amount. Raises sales/amount of compliance)

-foot in the door: tendency for people to comply with a small request and later be more likely to comply with a larger request

-door in the face: reasonably large request refused will increase the likelihood of a smaller related request being accepted

-norm of reciprocity: expectation that people will respond to each other; if I give you something or help you in any way, you are obligated to do the same for me

Persuasion- deliberate attempts t change the attitudes of others

central route of persuasion- influenced by arguments/content

peripheral route of persuasion- influenced in a manner not based in arguments/content of message

Attraction is closely linked to:
-Proximity
-Mere exposure effect: when frozen came out, everyone was talking about that song, and eventually people were like "I might see the movie now"
-intimacy
-similarity
-attitudes, interests, values, beliefs, and backgrounds
-physical attractiveness

social norms- expected behavior that is adhered to by group members

explicit norms- talked about

implicit norms- not spoken of, typically learn of these through violations